Chapter 4 Stages of Human Development Flashcards
Refers to the physiological, behavioural, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human
life, which are guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and by environmental influences (nurture).
Development
- Studies human growth and changes across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth.
- The study of _____ is
essential to understanding how humans learn, mature and adapt.
Developmental Psychology
- Refers to a time in a person’s life that is characterized by certain features.
Developmental Period
PERIODS IN THE LIFE SPAN
■ Prenatal Period : Conception to Birth
■ Infancy and Toddlerhood :18-24 months
■ Early Childhood : 3 to 5 years
■ Middle and Late Childhood : 6 to 10- 11 years
■ Adolescence : 10 -12 to 18-21 years
■ Early Adulthood : 20s and 30s
■ Middle Adulthood : 40s and 50s
■ Late Adulthood : 60s and 70s to death
Processes of Development
_______ changes in physical nature (in height and weight)
Biological
Processes of Development
_______ changes in individual’s thoughts,
intelligence and language (individual think and learn)
Cognitive
Processes of Development
________ involves changes in
relationship with other people, changes in
emotion, and personality.
Socioemotional
What are 3 processes of Development
Biological
Cognitive Socioemotional
The extent to which
development is influenced
by the individual’s
biological inheritance ______ and ______
Nature and Nurture
Nature vs Nurture Controversy
_____ he suggested that newborn as a blank slate, or tabula rasa.
John Locke
Nature vs Nurture Controversy
______ he suggested that children are capable of discovering how the world operates and how they should behave without instruction from adults.)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Nature vs Nurture Controversy
______ He suggested that children will go through the same stages of development, in the same sequence
but each child will go through the stages at their own rate.
Arnold Gesell
Nature vs Nurture Controversy
_____ he suggested that environment, not nature, molds and shapes development.
John B. Watson
Nature vs Nurture Controversy
_____ he suggested that nature and nurture work together and that their influences are
inseparable and interactive
He also believe that nature and nurture interaction can best explain the process of development.
Jean Piaget
The development reflects an ongoing bidirectional
interchange between heredity and environment.
Heredity–Environment
Epigenetic View
Developmental Theories
- Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages
- Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
- Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages
- Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Like all other individuals
Partly like other individuals
Like no other individuals
Development
“The history of man for the nine months preceding his
birth would, probably, be far more interesting, and
contain events of greater moment, than all three
scores and ten years that follow it”
S. Coledrige
■ The period of development from conception
to birth.
■ Takes between 266 days to 280 days ( 38 to
40 weeks)
■ Tremendous growth happens from single cell
to a complete organism with brain and
behavioral capabilities.
Prenatal Development
What are 3 periods of prenatal development
Germinal, Embryonic and Fetal
What type of period of prenatal development?
■ First two weeks after
conception
■ Zygote is created
■ Cell division takes place
■ Zygote is attached to the uterine wall (
implantation)
Germinal Period (2 weeks post-conception)
What type of period of prenatal development?
Critical period
■ Two to eight weeks after conception
■ Cell differentiation intensifies
■ Support systems for the cells form
■ Organs appear
■ A critical period
■ Teratogens- agents that cause birth
defects or alter cognitive and
behavioral outcomes
Embryonic Period
(2 weeks post conception)
What type of period of prenatal development?
■ Two months after conception and birth
■ Occupies the end of the first
trimester as well as the second and third trimester
■ Is called “fetus”
■ Marks more important
changes in the brain
■ Period of amazing changes and growth
Fetal (2 months post-conception to birth)
■ From the greek word “ tera” which means “monster”
■ Studied through teratology investigates the causes of birth
defects
TERATOGENS
■ Prescription and nonprescription drugs
■ Psychoactive Drugs
■ Incompatible blood type
■ Environmental Hazards
■ Maternal Diseases
■ Other parental factors
■ Maternal age
■ Emotional States and Stress Paternal factors
KEY TERATOGENS
■ 18 to 24 months
■ Time of extreme dependence upon adults
■ Brain development is remarkable along with the physical and
language development
■ Manner of sleeping, feeding, toilet training and vaccinations
are significant concerns.
INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
■ Growth follows a pattern :
Infant can use first their hands before their legs or has bigger
heads and smaller bodies pattern, and growth starts from the head down.
______ the sequence in which the earliest
growth occurs at the top to bottom
Cephalocaudal Pattern
INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
■ Growth follows a pattern :
Growth starts
at the center of the body toward the extremities. For example, an infant can
move first his arms effectively before they can grasp using their fingers.
________ the sequence in which the growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards extremities
Proximodistal Pattern
■ Early childhood is also called as the preschool age.
■ 3 to 5 years
■ Children are more sufficient to care for
themselves, develop school readiness skills
■ Play with peers
■ Slower growth rate than infancy
■ Gross and fine motor skills are improved
EARLY CHILDHOOD
■ 6 to 10 or 11 years old
■ Slow, consistent physical growth.
■ Elementary years
■ Muster fundamental skills such as reading,
writing and arithmetic.
■ Self-control increases, achievement becomes a
central theme
■ Exposure to larger world and culture
MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD
■ 10-12 to 18-21 years old
■ Period of transition
■ Puberty -rapid physical
changes
■ Identity formation
ADOLESCENCE
■ 20s and 30s
■ Transition Period from Adolescence to Adulthood
■ Establishing personal and economic independence
■ Career
■ Selecting a mate
■ Starting a family
■ Rearing children
EARLY ADULTHOOD
■ 40s and 50s
■ Expanding personal and social involvement
and responsibility
■ Assisting the next generation in becoming
competent, mature individuals and of reaching
and maintaining satisfaction in career.
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
■ 60s to 70s to death
■ Diminishing strength and health
■ A time of retirement and life review
■ Longest span of any period of
development
LATE ADULTHOOD
