Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception Flashcards
-The detection of stimuli
-The registration of information.
*Sensation
- Specialized cells that convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system.
- Specialized cells that detects and responds to specific stimuli
in the external or internal environment
- Receptors
- The interpretation of that information.
*Perception
Part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, the continuum of all
frequencies of radiated energy,
from gamma rays and X-rays
with very short wavelengths,
through ultraviolet, visible light,
and infrared, to radio and TV
transmissions with very long
wavelengths
_____ is visible only because our
receptors respond to
wavelengths from 400 to 700 nanometers (nm)
Light
Parts of the eye an adjustable opening
that widens and narrows to
control the amount of light entering the eye.
Pupil
Parts of the eye that the colored structure on the surface of the eye surrounding the pupil
Iris
Parts of the eye that have a clear jellylike substance
Vitreous Humor
Parts of the eye that have a layer of visual
receptors covering the
back surface of the eyeball
Retina
Parts of the eye that is central area of the human retina
Fovea (FOE-vee-uh)
It is a visual receptors that adapted for
perceiving color and detail in bright light
Cones
It is a visual receptors that adapted for vision in dim light
Rods
Parts of the eye that have a rigid
transparent structure on the surface of the eyeball
Cornea
Parts of the eye that have a flexible structure that varies its thickness
Lens
_____ you adjust its
focus for objects at
different distances.
Accommodation of the
Lens—
This is a common disorders of vision that impaired ability to focus on nearby objects because of decreased flexibility of the lens.
Presbyopia
This is a common disorders of vision nearsightedness– imapaired ability to focus on distant objects because of the shape of the eyeball
Myopia
This is a common disorders of vision farsightedness– imapired ability to focus on close objects because of the shape of the eyeball
Hyperopia
This is a common disorders of vision damage to the optic nerve, usually caused by increased pressure in the eyeball
Glaucoma
A disorder in which the lens becomes cloudy
Cataract
Gradual improvement in the ability to see in dim light
Dark Adaptation
_____ means
three colors
Trichromatic or Trichromatic Theory
(Young-Helmholtz
theory)
We perceive color in terms of paired opposites—red versus
green, yellow versus blue, and white versus black.
Opponent-Process
Theory
_____ are the
experiences of one color after the removal of another.
Negative afterimages
-Brightness Contrast is the increase or decrease in an
object’s apparent brightness by comparison to objects
around it.
-Color perception also
depends on contrast.
The Retinex Theory
-The cause is a recessive gene on the X
chromosome.
-Red-green color deficiency is the most
common form of the disorder
Color Vision Deficiency
(Color Blindness)
____ are vibrations of the air, water, or other medium.
Sound waves
The _____ of a sound wave is the number of cycles (vibrations) per second, designated hertz (Hz).
frequency
______ is a perception closely related to frequency. We
perceive a high-frequency sound wave as high pitched and
a low-frequency sound as low pitched.
Pitch
_______ is a perception of the intensity of sound waves.
- The greater the amplitude of
a sound, the louder it sounds
Loudness
______ refers to
tone complexity
Timbre (TAM-ber)
The fluid-filled canals
of the snail-shaped
organ which contains
the receptors for
hearing
*Cochlea
When sound waves
strike the _____, they cause it to vibrate. The eardrum connects to three tiny bones the ____, ____, and ____
eardrum
*hammer
*anvil
*stirrup
The _____ in turn
transmits the vibrations
to the fluid-filled
cochlea, where the
vibrations displace hair
cells along the basilar
membrane in the
cochlea.
stirrup
-Results when the bones connected to the eardrum fail to transmit sound
waves properly to the cochlea.
- Surgery can correct conduction deafness by removing whatever is obstructing the bones’ movement
Conduction Deafness
- Resulting from damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve.
- Disease, heredity, and exposure to loud noises are common causes of
nerve deafness.
Nerve Deafness
At low frequencies (up to about 100 Hz), a sound wave through the fluid of the cochlea vibrates all the hair cells, which produce action potentials in synchrony with the sound waves
Frequency Principle
Each sound wave excites at least a few hair cells, and
“volleys” (groups) of them respond to each vibration with an
action potential
Volley Principle
The highest frequency sounds vibrate hair cells near the stirrup end, and lower
frequency sounds (down to about 100 to 200 Hz) vibrate hair cells at points
farther along the membrane
The Place Principle
_____ detects the tilt and acceleration of
the head, and the orientation of the head with respect to gravity.
Vestibular Sense
Key role in posture and balance; motion sickness; eyes fixation. Also consists of three semicircular canals
- Semicircular Canals
- Otolith organs
- Otoliths
- The skin senses.
- They are also known as the somatosensory system, meaning
body-sensory system - Consists of several partly independent senses: pressure on
the skin, warmth, cold, pain, itch, vibration, movement across the
skin, and stretch of the skin
Cutaneous Senses
The experience of____ is a mixture of body sensation and
emotional reaction, which depend on different brain areas.
Pain
The idea that pain messages must pass through a gate,
presumably in the spinal cord, that can block the messages.
The Gate Theory of Pain
______ are neurotransmitters that weaken pain sensations
Endorphins
______ stimulates receptors that respond to painful heat.
Capsaicin
_______ is the continuing sensations,
including pain, in a limb long after it has been amputated.
Phantom Limbs
The sense of taste, which detects chemicals on the tongue, serves just one
function: It governs ____ and ____.
eating and drinking.
The taste receptors are in the _____, located in the folds on the surface of
the tongue, mainly along the edge of the tongue in adults.
taste buds
The sense of smell is known as ____
olfaction
Perceiving minimal stimuli that the intensity at which a given individual
detects a stimulus 50 percent of the time.
Absolute Threshold
Perceiving minimal stimuli that the smallest difference that people could detect between one stimulus.
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
Perceiving minimal stimuli the study of people’s tendencies to
make hits, correct rejections, misses, and
false alarms.
Signal-Detection Theory
Perceiving minimal stimuli the phenomenon that a stimulus can influence
behavior even when it is presented so faintly or briefly that the observer has no conscious perception of it.
- Subliminal Perception
- A field that emphasizes perception of overall
patterns. - Your ability to perceive something in more than one
way
- Gestalt Psychology
- Feature detectors represent a ______
- In which tiny elements combine to produce
larger items.
bottom-up process
- Perception also includes a _____
- In which you apply your experience and
expectations to interpret each item in context.
top-down process
This is a gestalt psychology
____ is the tendency to perceive objects that are close together as
belonging to a group.
Proximity
This is a gestalt psychology
____ is the tendency to perceive similar as being a group is
Similarity
This is a gestalt psychology
___ is a filling in of the gaps
Continuation
This is a gestalt psychology
___ of the figure; that is, we imagine the rest of the figure
Closure
- We perceive objects
as part of the same
group if they change
or move in similar ways at the same time.
Common Fate
- A simple, familiar, symmetrical figure.
- Good Figure
- Our tendency to perceive objects as keeping their shape, size, and
color, despite distortions in the actual pattern reaching the retina.
- Visual Constancy
This is a perception of depth
- Is incorrectly perceive the object as moving, a phenomenon.
- Induced Movement
This is a perception of depth
- An illusion of movement created by a rapid succession of Stationary images.
- Stroboscopic Movement
This is a perception of depth
- The perception of distance, enables us to experience the world
in three dimensions.
Depth perception
This is a perception of depth
- The difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by the
left and right retinas
Retinal Disparity
This is a perception of depth
- The degree to which they turn in to focus on a close object
Convergence of the Eyes
This is a perception of depth
______ cues because
they depend on both
eyes.
Binocular
This is a perception of depth
_____ enable
you to judge depth and
distance with just one eye or when both eyes see the same image, as when you look at a picture,
Monocular cues
- A misinterpretation of a visual stimulus.
Optical Illusion
- Suggests that the moon at the horizon appears about 30 percent larger
than it appears when it is higher in the sky
The Moon Illusion
