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GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY > Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

-The detection of stimuli
-The registration of information.

A

*Sensation

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2
Q
  • Specialized cells that convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system.
  • Specialized cells that detects and responds to specific stimuli
    in the external or internal environment
A
  • Receptors
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3
Q
  • The interpretation of that information.
A

*Perception

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4
Q

Part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, the continuum of all
frequencies of radiated energy,
from gamma rays and X-rays
with very short wavelengths,
through ultraviolet, visible light,
and infrared, to radio and TV
transmissions with very long
wavelengths

_____ is visible only because our
receptors respond to
wavelengths from 400 to 700 nanometers (nm)

A

Light

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5
Q

Parts of the eye an adjustable opening
that widens and narrows to
control the amount of light entering the eye.

A

Pupil

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6
Q

Parts of the eye that the colored structure on the surface of the eye surrounding the pupil

A

Iris

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7
Q

Parts of the eye that have a clear jellylike substance

A

Vitreous Humor

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8
Q

Parts of the eye that have a layer of visual
receptors covering the
back surface of the eyeball

A

Retina

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9
Q

Parts of the eye that is central area of the human retina

A

Fovea (FOE-vee-uh)

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10
Q

It is a visual receptors that adapted for
perceiving color and detail in bright light

A

Cones

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11
Q

It is a visual receptors that adapted for vision in dim light

A

Rods

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12
Q

Parts of the eye that have a rigid
transparent structure on the surface of the eyeball

A

Cornea

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13
Q

Parts of the eye that have a flexible structure that varies its thickness

A

Lens

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14
Q

_____ you adjust its
focus for objects at
different distances.

A

Accommodation of the
Lens—

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15
Q

This is a common disorders of vision that impaired ability to focus on nearby objects because of decreased flexibility of the lens.

A

Presbyopia

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16
Q

This is a common disorders of vision nearsightedness– imapaired ability to focus on distant objects because of the shape of the eyeball

A

Myopia

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17
Q

This is a common disorders of vision farsightedness– imapired ability to focus on close objects because of the shape of the eyeball

A

Hyperopia

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18
Q

This is a common disorders of vision damage to the optic nerve, usually caused by increased pressure in the eyeball

A

Glaucoma

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19
Q

A disorder in which the lens becomes cloudy

A

Cataract

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20
Q

Gradual improvement in the ability to see in dim light

A

Dark Adaptation

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21
Q

_____ means
three colors

A

Trichromatic or Trichromatic Theory
(Young-Helmholtz
theory)

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22
Q

We perceive color in terms of paired opposites—red versus
green, yellow versus blue, and white versus black.

A

Opponent-Process
Theory

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23
Q

_____ are the
experiences of one color after the removal of another.

A

Negative afterimages

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24
Q

-Brightness Contrast is the increase or decrease in an
object’s apparent brightness by comparison to objects
around it.

-Color perception also
depends on contrast.

A

The Retinex Theory

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25
Q

-The cause is a recessive gene on the X
chromosome.

-Red-green color deficiency is the most
common form of the disorder

A

Color Vision Deficiency
(Color Blindness)

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26
Q

____ are vibrations of the air, water, or other medium.

A

Sound waves

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27
Q

The _____ of a sound wave is the number of cycles (vibrations) per second, designated hertz (Hz).

A

frequency

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28
Q

______ is a perception closely related to frequency. We
perceive a high-frequency sound wave as high pitched and
a low-frequency sound as low pitched.

A

Pitch

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29
Q

_______ is a perception of the intensity of sound waves.

  • The greater the amplitude of
    a sound, the louder it sounds
A

Loudness

30
Q

______ refers to
tone complexity

A

Timbre (TAM-ber)

31
Q

The fluid-filled canals
of the snail-shaped
organ which contains
the receptors for
hearing

A

*Cochlea

32
Q

When sound waves
strike the _____, they cause it to vibrate. The eardrum connects to three tiny bones the ____, ____, and ____

A

eardrum

*hammer
*anvil
*stirrup

33
Q

The _____ in turn
transmits the vibrations
to the fluid-filled
cochlea, where the
vibrations displace hair
cells along the basilar
membrane in the
cochlea.

A

stirrup

34
Q

-Results when the bones connected to the eardrum fail to transmit sound
waves properly to the cochlea.

  • Surgery can correct conduction deafness by removing whatever is obstructing the bones’ movement
A

Conduction Deafness

35
Q
  • Resulting from damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve.
  • Disease, heredity, and exposure to loud noises are common causes of
    nerve deafness.
A

Nerve Deafness

36
Q

At low frequencies (up to about 100 Hz), a sound wave through the fluid of the cochlea vibrates all the hair cells, which produce action potentials in synchrony with the sound waves

A

Frequency Principle

37
Q

Each sound wave excites at least a few hair cells, and
“volleys” (groups) of them respond to each vibration with an
action potential

A

Volley Principle

38
Q

The highest frequency sounds vibrate hair cells near the stirrup end, and lower
frequency sounds (down to about 100 to 200 Hz) vibrate hair cells at points
farther along the membrane

A

The Place Principle

39
Q

_____ detects the tilt and acceleration of
the head, and the orientation of the head with respect to gravity.

A

Vestibular Sense

40
Q

Key role in posture and balance; motion sickness; eyes fixation. Also consists of three semicircular canals

A
  • Semicircular Canals
  • Otolith organs
  • Otoliths
41
Q
  • The skin senses.
  • They are also known as the somatosensory system, meaning
    body-sensory system
  • Consists of several partly independent senses: pressure on
    the skin, warmth, cold, pain, itch, vibration, movement across the
    skin, and stretch of the skin
A

Cutaneous Senses

42
Q

The experience of____ is a mixture of body sensation and
emotional reaction, which depend on different brain areas.

A

Pain

43
Q

The idea that pain messages must pass through a gate,
presumably in the spinal cord, that can block the messages.

A

The Gate Theory of Pain

44
Q

______ are neurotransmitters that weaken pain sensations

A

Endorphins

45
Q

______ stimulates receptors that respond to painful heat.

A

Capsaicin

46
Q

_______ is the continuing sensations,
including pain, in a limb long after it has been amputated.

A

Phantom Limbs

47
Q

The sense of taste, which detects chemicals on the tongue, serves just one
function: It governs ____ and ____.

A

eating and drinking.

48
Q

The taste receptors are in the _____, located in the folds on the surface of
the tongue, mainly along the edge of the tongue in adults.

A

taste buds

49
Q

The sense of smell is known as ____

A

olfaction

50
Q

Perceiving minimal stimuli that the intensity at which a given individual
detects a stimulus 50 percent of the time.

A

Absolute Threshold

51
Q

Perceiving minimal stimuli that the smallest difference that people could detect between one stimulus.

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

52
Q

Perceiving minimal stimuli the study of people’s tendencies to
make hits, correct rejections, misses, and
false alarms.

A

Signal-Detection Theory

53
Q

Perceiving minimal stimuli the phenomenon that a stimulus can influence
behavior even when it is presented so faintly or briefly that the observer has no conscious perception of it.

A
  • Subliminal Perception
54
Q
  • A field that emphasizes perception of overall
    patterns.
  • Your ability to perceive something in more than one
    way
A
  • Gestalt Psychology
55
Q
  • Feature detectors represent a ______
  • In which tiny elements combine to produce
    larger items.
A

bottom-up process

56
Q
  • Perception also includes a _____
  • In which you apply your experience and
    expectations to interpret each item in context.
A

top-down process

57
Q

This is a gestalt psychology

____ is the tendency to perceive objects that are close together as
belonging to a group.

A

Proximity

58
Q

This is a gestalt psychology

____ is the tendency to perceive similar as being a group is

A

Similarity

59
Q

This is a gestalt psychology

___ is a filling in of the gaps

A

Continuation

60
Q

This is a gestalt psychology

___ of the figure; that is, we imagine the rest of the figure

A

Closure

61
Q
  • We perceive objects
    as part of the same
    group if they change
    or move in similar ways at the same time.
A

Common Fate

62
Q
  • A simple, familiar, symmetrical figure.
A
  • Good Figure
63
Q
  • Our tendency to perceive objects as keeping their shape, size, and
    color, despite distortions in the actual pattern reaching the retina.
A
  • Visual Constancy
64
Q

This is a perception of depth

  • Is incorrectly perceive the object as moving, a phenomenon.
A
  • Induced Movement
65
Q

This is a perception of depth

  • An illusion of movement created by a rapid succession of Stationary images.
A
  • Stroboscopic Movement
66
Q

This is a perception of depth

  • The perception of distance, enables us to experience the world
    in three dimensions.
A

Depth perception

67
Q

This is a perception of depth

  • The difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by the
    left and right retinas
A

Retinal Disparity

68
Q

This is a perception of depth

  • The degree to which they turn in to focus on a close object
A

Convergence of the Eyes

69
Q

This is a perception of depth

______ cues because
they depend on both
eyes.

A

Binocular

70
Q

This is a perception of depth

_____ enable
you to judge depth and
distance with just one eye or when both eyes see the same image, as when you look at a picture,

A

Monocular cues

71
Q
  • A misinterpretation of a visual stimulus.
A

Optical Illusion

72
Q
  • Suggests that the moon at the horizon appears about 30 percent larger
    than it appears when it is higher in the sky
A

The Moon Illusion

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

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