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Environmental Toxicology > Chapter 5 - Supplemental II > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Supplemental II Flashcards

1
Q

chemicals that dissolve other substances

A

solvents

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2
Q

petroleum refineries, chemical industry degreasing metals in electronic industries, dry cleaning textiles

A

Cleaning synthesizing chemicals

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3
Q

Most organic solvents affect the ____ mainly causes damage to the ____. Can also cause cancer: non-chlorinated, chlorinated

A

central nervous system (CNS)
liver and kidney

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4
Q

What affects does BTEX have on the body?

A
  • dizziness
  • unconsciousness
  • anemia
  • leukemia./CNS damage
  • eye and throats irritation
  • headaches
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5
Q

List some non-chlorinated solvents.

A
  • benzene
  • toulene
  • ethylbenzene
  • xylene
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6
Q

List some chlorinated solvents.

A
  • TCE
  • PCE
  • TCA
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7
Q

____ pollution in groundwater is a worldwide problem that can result in uptake and accumulation of toxic chemicals in food chains and harm the species circulation of affected habitats. Leaks are estimated to occur at 1/3 of all underground motor fuel storage facilities, causing significant groundwater contamination.

A

BTEX

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8
Q

Which two factors are biodegraded by sorption?

A

environmental and chemical

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9
Q

Microbial Detoxification of BTEX Under Aerobic Conditions

Benzene

A

inserts 2 hydroxyl groups (benzene dioxygenase)
benzene-cis-glycol
TCA cycle

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10
Q

Microbial Detoxification of BTEX Under Aerobic Conditions

Tolene

A

Inserts 1 hydroxyl group (tolene oxygenate)
benzyl alcohol
TCA cycle

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11
Q

Microbial Detoxification of BTEX Under Aerobic Conditions

M-eylene

A

inserts 1 hydroxyl group (xylene oxidase)
3-methyl benzyl alcohol
TCA cycle

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12
Q

What are the two metabolites of PCE?

A
  • trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE)
  • vinyl chloride (VC)
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13
Q

What is special about the metabolites created from PCE?

A

they are more toxic than the parent compound due to microbial degradation

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14
Q

What is the path of microbial degradation of PCE?

A

TCE > trans-1,2-DCE > VC

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15
Q

Chlorinated solvents can be degraded by abiotic and microbial reactions into what terminal products?

A
  • CO2
  • H2O
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16
Q

What is the major pathway of TCE and by what process?

A

TCE > DCE (isotopes) > VC > ethylene

hydrogenolysis

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17
Q

How is PCA transformed into TCE?

A

dehydrochlorination

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18
Q

What is the pathway of transformation of PCA?

A

PCA > 112 TCA > 12DCA > chloroethane > ethane

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19
Q

How is PCA transformed into cis-12DCE and trans-12DCE?

A

dichloroelimination

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20
Q

How is 112TCA transformed into VC?

A

dichloroelimination

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21
Q

Dehydrochlorination of tetrachloroethane will lead to…
a) trichloroethane
b) DCE
c) VC
d) trichloroethylene

A

d) trichloroethylene

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22
Q

chemicals used to make plastics plastic

A

phthalate plasticizers

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23
Q

What chemical is present in some plastic products?

A

bisphenol A

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24
Q

What does the phthalate family include?

A
  • DEHP
  • DINP
  • DBP, DEP, DMP
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25
Q

What problems do phthalate plasticizers and disphenol A induce in the body?

A

endocrine distruption

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26
Q

any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, weeds, and a host of other unwanted organisms

A

pesticides

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27
Q

a pesticide compound specifically used to kill or
prevent the growth of insects

A

insecticide

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28
Q

a chemical pesticide designed to control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses

A

Herbicide

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29
Q

a pesticide that is used to control, deter, or destroy fungi

A

fungicide

30
Q

chemical agent that is destructive to nematodes

A

nematocide

31
Q

chemical or agent used to destroy rats or other
rodent pests, or to prevent them from damaging food, crops, etc

A

rodentocide

32
Q

What is the most prominently used ingredient in pesticides?

A

glyphosate

herbicide

33
Q

What are the major classes of pesticides and insecticides?

A
  • organophosphates (OP)
  • organocarbamates (carbamates)
  • organochlorides
  • pyrethroids
34
Q

Most persistent pesticides are those that
have complex structures including ____ and multiple ____ groups attached to
them.

A

aromatic rings; halogen

35
Q

an enzyme found primarily at nerve endings that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline

A

cholinesterase

36
Q

What are the acute effects of organophospahte poisoning?

A

anticholinesterase activity happens soon after exposure and causes impairment of the neural impulse transfer mechanism

37
Q

What are the long term effects of organophospahte poisoning?

A
  • organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy
  • numbness, loss of sensory abilities, weakness
38
Q

What are some examples of organophosphates?

A
  • diazinon
  • malathion
  • methyl parathion
  • parathion
39
Q

Where do organophosphates appear?

A

sprays, baits, indoor foggers and bombs, flea collars, pet shampoos, powders, animal dips, and
granules

40
Q

Which organophosphate has been approved for direct application to food crops such as fruits, row crops, and vegetables?

A

malathion

41
Q

Name the organophospahte

  • Degrades rapidly by hydrolysis, biodegradation, and photolysis
  • Found in surface waters
  • Rapidly absorbed, transformed, and excreted if
    ingested
A

malathion

42
Q

What can malathion be degraded to?

A

succinate

43
Q

Name the organophosphate

  • Close relatives of the organophosphate
    pesticides
  • Dissipate quickly from the environment as a
    result of breaking down into other substances
  • Some are approved for controlling garden
    pests (e.g., wasps, hornets, and snails).
  • An ingredient in some products applied to
    furry pets to control ticks and fleas
A

carbamates

44
Q

What are some examples of carbamates?

A
  • carbaryl (Sevin)
  • aldicarb
  • fenoxycarb
  • propoxur
  • metam sodium
45
Q

an intermediate
chemical used for the manufacture of
carbamate pesticides

A

methyl isocyanate (MIC)

46
Q

What are the acute effects of exposure to MIC?

A

extremely toxic to life forms

47
Q

What chemical was accidentally released in India in 1984 that killed more than 3,800 people?

A

methyl isocyanate (MIC)

48
Q
A
49
Q

What are the toxic products of microbial degradation of carbamates?

A
  • 5-hydroxy carbaryl
  • 5-hydroxy propxur
  • methiocarb sulfoxide
  • aldicarb sulfoxide
50
Q

Derived from chlorinated hydrocarbons,
which are chemical compounds that contains
chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen

A

organochlorines

51
Q
  • Characteristically stable and fat-soluble;
    persist in the environment and bioaccumulate
    in the food chain
  • Associated with suppression of the immune
    system and cancer
A

organochlorines

52
Q

What are some examples of organochlorine pesticides?

A
  • DDT
  • Lindane
  • Chlordane
  • Mirex
  • Hexachlorobenzene
  • Methoxychlor
53
Q

What are some examples of herbicides and defoliants?

A
  • atrazine
  • simazine
  • paraquat
  • 2,4-D
  • 2,4,5-T
54
Q

What unstable compound is a product of the microbial degradation of simazine?

A

cyanuric acid

55
Q
  • Derived from natural sources–certain
    varieties of chrysanthemum flowers
  • Have great ability to paralyze and kill flying
    insects
  • Interfere with transmission of neural impulses
    via action on sodium channels
A

pyrethrins

56
Q

What molecular pathways does pyrethrins interfere with?

A

transmission of neural impulses via action on sodium channels

57
Q

What are some examples of industrial organic contaminants?

A
  • petroleum hydrocarbons
  • perchlorate
  • PCBs
  • PCDDs
58
Q

Which of the following elements are not found in Malathion?
a) H
b) C
c) O
d) Cl
c) S

A

d) chloride (Cl)

59
Q

What are the different mechanisms of microbial degradation of carbamates?

A
  • dealkylation (N and O)
  • hydroxylation
  • sulfoxidation —> hydroxylation: N-methyl
60
Q

Microbial Detoxification of 2,4-D

The intermediate is ____ which is broken into two different pathways. The difference between the two is where the ring is broken

A

4-Chlorocatechol

61
Q

A total of ____ compounds in the dioxin family are known to exist.

A

419

62
Q

What human activities produce dioxins?

A
  • Incineration of industrial and municipal wastes
  • Burning of some fuels
  • Bleaching of wood pulp for paper manufacturing process
  • Manufacture and application of some
    herbicides such as 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid,etc.
63
Q

What are the health effects of exposure to dioxine?

A
  • Chloracne
  • Skin rashes
  • Skin discoloration
  • Growth of excessive body hair
  • Liver damage
  • Possible cancer risks
  • Endocrine effects
  • Reproductive and developmental effects
64
Q

Composed of condensed aromatic rings with 1-8 chlorine substituents

A

PCDD

65
Q

Sometimes ____ (and its metabolites) is called an endocrine disruptor, meaning that it acts as an antagonist to androgen

A

DDT

66
Q

What is an estrogen-mimicking compound in plants?

A

phytoestrogens

67
Q

What is an estrogen-mimicking compound in fungi?

A

mycoestrogens

68
Q

What is an estrogen-mimicking compound in humans?

A

xenoestrogens

69
Q

____ have been shown to accelerate the
growth of neoplastic cells, especially in the breasts.
- Most important compounds are known as flavonoids
- They give flowers their distinct color

A

phytoestrogens

70
Q

What are the most important compounds of phytoestrogens?

A

flavonoids

71
Q

What are some serious health problems which are associated with xenoestrogens?

A
  • birth defects
  • sterility in men
  • cancer
  • immunosuppression

Environmental Toxicology (9 decks)

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