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Environmental Toxicology > Chapter 5 - Part II > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Prior to the 1940s, what were the metals commonly found in pesticides?

A
  • arsenic
  • mercury
  • copper
  • lead
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2
Q

What are the current replacements for metals in pesticides?

A
  • organophosphorus compounds (malathion & diazinon)
  • carbamates
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3
Q

In 2001, this was the most common pesticide detected in drinking water.

A

Atrazine

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4
Q

Atrazine was banned in the EU in what year?

A

2004

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5
Q

How is Atrazine toxic to the environment?

A
  • degrades slowly in groundwater
  • primarily nitrogen source for microbes
  • carcinogen
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6
Q

What is the pesticide that degrades via hydrolysis, biodegradation, and photolysis?

A

Malathion

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7
Q

How is Malathion toxic to the environment?

A
  • found in surface waters
  • rapidly absorbed, biotransformed, and excreted if ingested
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8
Q

What is the biotransfored compound that can form from Malathion?

A

succinate

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9
Q

How is DDT transformed into DDE and DDD?

A

-HCl
H2 -> HCL

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10
Q

What properties of DDT make it easily transported through the environment?

A
  • hydrophobic
  • persistent
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11
Q

What are some industrial contaminants?

A
  • petroleum hydrocarbons
  • perchlorate
  • heavy metals
  • PCBs
  • Bisphenol A
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12
Q

What is the process of oil’s fate as it travels through aquatic environments?

A

1) physical transport
2) dissolution
3) evaporation
4) emulsification
5) oxidation and destruction
6) sedimentation
7) microbial degradation

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13
Q

What do effluents contain?

A
  • ammonia
  • sulfides
  • phenol
  • hydrocarbons
  • heavy metals
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13
Q

What do oil refineries produce?

A

crude oil

contains BTEX

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14
Q

What are some treatments for effluents?

A
  • flocculation
  • sedimentation
  • activated sludge
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14
Q

What do effluents have that makes them more toxic and persistent than crude oil?

A

polycyclic aromatics

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15
Q

What is found in rocket fuels, explosives, and some fertilizers?

A

perchlorate

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16
Q

Why is perchlorate so toxic to the environment?

A
  • dissolve easily and infiltrate ground water
  • can accumulate in crops
  • persistent with high activation energy
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17
Q

What is another form of perchlorate?

A

ammonium perchlorate

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18
Q

What part of the body is most affected by perchlorate?

A

thyroid

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19
Q

What river system has been found to be contaminated by perchlorate?

A

the Colorado River

20
Q

What is the bioremediation process for perchlorate?

A

perchlorate -> chlorate -> chlorite -> chloride

21
Q

Name the toxin

  • banned in the US in 1979
  • banned at Stockholm convention in 2001
  • structurally similar to dioxins
A

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

22
Q

Why is PCBs toxic to the environment?

A
  • carcinogen & endocrine disruptor
  • still present in landfills and degrade slowly
  • microbial detoxification through reductive dechlorination or dioxygenase enzymes
23
Q

What are some examples of heavy metals?

A
  • Cadmium (Cd2+)
  • Mercury (Hg2+)
  • Lead (Pb2+)
  • Argon (ArO2-)
24
Q

What do bacteria and fungi efficiently transform metals in to?

A

micronutrients

25
Q

Through what processes do bacteria and fungi transform heavy metals?

A
  • ligand exchange
  • oxidation
  • reduction
26
Q

What is this?

  • makes polycarbonate (PC)
  • plastics
  • epoxy resins
  • pesticides
A

Bisphenol A-BPA

27
Q

What is the acute toxicity of Bisphenol A-BPA?

A

1-10 microgram/mL

28
Q

What are the adverse effects of Bisphenol A-BPA on the body?

A

endocrine distruptor and xenoestrogen

29
Q

What are the major metabolites of Bisphenol A-BPA?

A
  • BPA glucuronide
  • BPA sulfate
30
Q

How many pharmaceutically active compounds are present and used in medicine?

A

3000

31
Q

Where is one place where antibiotics and hormones can come from?

A

livestock

32
Q

Mixture of organic matter and inorganic matters (silica, clay water and air)

A

soil

33
Q

Chemicals can move in a medium and undergo ____ reactions, also transported to plant and animal life.

A

chemical

34
Q

What is an intentional addition of chemicals to the soil?
What is and uninentional additions of chemicals to the soil?

A

intentional: fertilizer/pesticides
unintentional: chemical leaks/spills

35
Q

The more the solution concentration, the ____ the pH

A

higher

36
Q

With increase of the pH, at different concentrations, there will be a ____ to cross where it will become more soluble.

A

threshold

37
Q

There is a difference in the structure of chlorines. When a chlorine is removed, the sorbed concentration ____.

A

lowers

38
Q

Some basic components of soil tend to have a ____ line to it on a graph showing a gradual and high volume of sorption. Acidic components of soil tend to have a short, ____ line.

A

curved; straight

39
Q

Chemicals can be absorbed through the what parts of aquatic animals?

A
  • lungs
  • skin
  • gills
40
Q

In the biosphere, direct absorption from environmental medium can result in ____ or ____.

A
  • bioaccumulation
  • bioconcentration
41
Q

the portion present within a medium this is potentially available for direct uptake by the organism.

A

bioavailability

42
Q

High bioavailability leads to…

A
  • bioaccumulation in organisms
  • migration through food chains
  • biotransformation
43
Q

Lipophilic and environmentally persistent chemicals such as DDT can be stored and accumulated in fatty tissue compartments.

A

bioconcentration

44
Q

equal to the concentration of the pollutant in an organism divided by its concentration in the water or environmental matrix.

A

bioconcentration factor (BCF)

45
Q

How us the bioconcentration factor (BCF) calculated?

A

Calculated from ratio of the toxicant concentration in the whole animal at steady state, to its concentration in its environment.

46
Q

What are the steps which an external exposure must take to reach it’s target?

beginning in the soil

A

soil > ingestion > dissolution > absorption > reduction > target

47
Q

What factors affect a popultion growth positively and which affect it negatively?

A

positively: natality, immigration
negatively: emigration/mortality

48
Q

study

A

mild: resistent individuals, minimal effect
response to same dose: majority, average
severe: sensitive individuals, maximal effect

Environmental Toxicology (9 decks)

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