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Environmental Toxicology > Chapter 5 - Metal Contaminants > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Metal Contaminants Flashcards

1
Q
  • Varies in toxicity depending upon its chemical
    form
  • A byproduct of refining gold and other metals
  • A normal component of the earth’s crust
  • Used in pesticides, wood preservatives, and
    in manufacturing processes
  • Exposure can come from ingestion and
    inhalation.
A

aresenic

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2
Q

sources of arsenic

A
  • wood preservative
  • manufacture of ammunitions
  • pesticides
  • fertilizers
  • combustion of fossil fuels
  • animal feed additive
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3
Q

standard for arsenic

A

10 micrograms per liter of drinking water

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4
Q

health effects of arsenic exposure

A
  • skin, bladder, kidney, and liver cancer when ingested
  • lung cancer when inhaled
  • periphreal vascular disease
  • cerebrovascular disease
  • cardiovascular disease
  • biabetes
  • pregnancy issues
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5
Q

health effects of arsenic exposure

A
  • GI distress
  • decreased blood cell production
  • periphery nervous disorders
  • fetal malformations
  • cancer
  • Black-foot disease
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6
Q

disease commonly associated with arsenic exposure

A

Black-foot disease

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7
Q
  • Used widely in industry because of its special
    properties (lighter than aluminum and
    stronger than steel)
  • Employees in the metal processing industry
    most likely to be exposed
  • Inhalation is the most common method of
    exposure
  • Class A carcinogen
A

beryllium

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8
Q

sources of beryllium

A
  • oil
  • space and air crafts
  • golf clubs
  • dental bridges and plates
  • relays and switches
  • metal alloys
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9
Q

health effects of beryllium exposure

A
  • chronic beryllium disease
  • shortness of breath
  • persistent cough
  • fatigue
  • night sweats
  • chest and joint pain
  • loss of appetite
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10
Q
  • Occupational exposure comes
    from the production of nickel batteries, zinc smelting, manufacture of paint
    pigments, soldering, and from employment in
    metal factories.
  • bioaccumulates in shellfish and is
    found in some species of mushrooms
A

cadmium

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11
Q

sources of cadmium

A
  • automobile and aircraft construction
  • burning of municiple waste
  • rechargeable batteries
  • solar cells
  • phosphate fertilizers
  • pigments for plastic
  • cement
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12
Q

health effects of cadmium exposure

A
  • Osteoporosis in women
  • Height loss in men
  • Kidney damage
  • Elevated blood pressure
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • “Itai-Itai” disease (after a Japanese word
    meaning “severe pain” in the joints and spine)
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13
Q

health effects of cadmium exposure

A
  • GI distress
  • kidney damage/failure
  • decreased fetal birth weight
  • inhibition of spermatogenesis
  • respiratory system damage
  • fragile bones
  • amenia
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14
Q

disease commonly associated with cadmium exposure

A

Itai-Itai disease

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15
Q

Naturally occurring element in the earth’s
crust (e.g., in rocks, soils, and materials of
volcanic origin)

A

chromium

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16
Q

most common forms of chromium

A
  • chromium (0)
  • chromium (III)
  • chromium (VI)
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17
Q

form of chromium that is an essential nutrient

A

chromium (III)

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18
Q

form of chromium that is a carcinogen

A

chromium (VI)

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19
Q

health effects of chromium (VI) exposure

A
  • Digestive problems
  • kidney and liver damage
  • skin ulcers
  • respiratory problems, for example,
    nose bleeds, perforation of the nasal septum,
    and runny nose.
20
Q

as pH increases, what happens to the % sorped of chromium?

A

it decreases

21
Q
  • naturally ocurring metal that is highly toxic
  • released as a by-product of industrial processes
  • microorganisms can transfer small amounts
A

mercury

22
Q

sources of mercury

A

industrial processes

23
Q

health effects of mercury exposure

A
  • at low levels, is a hazard because it become deposited in lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water
  • can be ingested from exposed fish
  • Mad Hatter syndrome - excitability, delirium, hallucinations
  • Minamata diseas - trembling, loss of motor control, partial paralysis (methylmercury)
24
Q

sources of lead

A
  • leaded gasoline
  • tap water from soldered pipes
  • painted surfaces on older buildings
25
Q

health effects of lead exposure

A
  • central nervous system (CNS) effects
  • lead poisoning
26
Q

sources of nickel

A
  • constituents of the earth’s crust
  • production of appliances and tools
  • nickel-cadmium batteries
27
Q

health effects of nickel exposure

A
  • nickel allergy
  • cardiovascular-related and renal diseases
  • fibrosis of the lungs
  • carcinogenic action
28
Q

sources of copper

A
  • electrical wiring
  • cookware
  • metal alloys
  • paint
  • fungicide
  • landfill leachate
29
Q

health effects of copper exposure

A
  • irritation of nose and throat
  • nausea and vomiting
  • kidney and liver damage
  • growth inhibition
  • leaf chlorosis
30
Q

What soil type has the highest heavy metal binding capacity (HMBC)?

A

Georgia clay

31
Q

how does biotransformation occur in plants?

A

chelation and complexation

32
Q

what mechanisms allow microorganisms to break down heavy metals?

A

reduction and oxidation

33
Q
  • cystein-rich proteins
  • low molecular weight
A

metallothioneins

34
Q
  • non-ribosomally synthesized proteins
  • consist only of glutamine, cysteine, and glycine
A

phytochelatins

35
Q

what do metallothioneins and phytochelatins do for plants and animals?

A
  • transport intert heavy metals to plant vacuoles for storage
  • transport heavy metals to the kidneys for excretion
36
Q

how do crustaceans help reduce toxicity?

A

store heavy metals in concentrations in the hepatopancreas

37
Q

what does bacteria and fungi efficiently transform metals in to?

A

micronutrients

38
Q

how do bacteria and fungi efficiently transform metals into micronutrients?

A

ligand exchange and oxidation-reduction

39
Q

through what mechanism is Mn (II) transformed into Mn (IV)?

A

oxidation

40
Q

through what mechanism is Fe (II) transformed into Fe (III)?

A

oxidation

41
Q

through what mechanism is Co (III) transformed into Co (II)?

A

reduction

42
Q

through what mechanism is AsO2^- transformed into AsO2^4-?

A

reduction

43
Q

through what mechanism is Se^0 transformed into SeO3^2?

A

oxidation

44
Q

through what mechanism is As (III) transformed into As (V)?

A

arsentite -> arsenate
oxidation

aresenic oxiding bacteria

45
Q

all aresenic oxidizers contains the As (III) oxidase gene ____.

A

aoxB

helps catalyze arsenite oxidation

46
Q

What metal is required by most organisms in cellular functions but is toxic in high concentrations?

A

selenium (Se IV)

47
Q

What can Cromium be reduced to?

A

it can be reduced from Cr (VI) to Cr (III)

Environmental Toxicology (9 decks)

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