Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Environmental Toxicology > Chapter 5 - Antibiotics and Contaminants > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Antibiotics and Contaminants Flashcards

1
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

two types of MRSA

A

CA-MRSA: community aquired
HA-MRSA: hospital acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

major classes of antibiotics

A
  • aminoglycosides
  • beta-lactams
  • tetracyclines
  • glycopeptides
  • macrolides
  • sulfonamides
  • ionophores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

WWTPs

A

Waste Water Treatment Plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of treatment includes solids settling and screening?

A

primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of treatment includes activated sludge, rotating biological contractors, and aerated lagoons?

A

secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of treatment includes sand filtering or lagoons, and disinfection via chlorine or ozonation?

A

tertiary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Antibiotic removal is most effective at removing what class of antibiotic?

A

tetracyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Antibiotic removal is least effective at removing what class of antibiotics?

A

sulfamides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most effective secondary treatment?

A

activated sludge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which two antibiotics can be removed efficiently abiotically?

A
  • tetracycline
  • ciprofloxacin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

genes for aminoglycoside resistance

A

numerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

genes for beta-lactam resistance

A

Bl2A-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

genes for MLSb resistance (microlides)

A

ErmA-H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

genes for Multidrug transporters

A

Emr4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

genes for tetracycline resistance

A

Tet^a-l
Tet^m,o,q,t,w
Tet^x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

genes for sulfonamide resistance

A

Sul1-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

genes for glycopeptide resistance

A

vanA-G

19
Q

modes of resistance for Bl2A-1

A

creates beta-lactamase that breaks ring open

20
Q

modes of resistance for ErmA-H

A

post-transcriptional methylation of the 23S ribosomal subunit

21
Q

modes of resistance for Emr4

A

multi-drug effix pump

22
Q

modes of resistance for Tet^a-l

A

efflux pump

23
Q

modes of resistance for Tet^m,o,q,t,w

A

ribosomal protection protein

24
Q

modes of resistance for Tet^x

A

oxioreductase, modifes tetracycline

25
Q

modes of resistance for Sul1-3

A

dihydroperoate synthase reisstant to inhibition

26
Q

modes of resistance for vanA-G

A

reisistant operon genes

27
Q

what is the range for excretion rates for hosehold wastes?

A

10%-95%

most have rates over 50%

28
Q

includes an anaerobic settling tank and some sort of dispersion into the vadose zone of soil

A

septic systems

29
Q

what kind of septic systems may improve the treatment of sulfamides

A

cluster sytems

30
Q

how is poultry manure treated and stored?

A

manure mixed with sawdust or other organic bedding and kept in dry stacks

31
Q

how is dairy manure treated and stored?

A

sand bedding, semi-solid manure, drained into settling basin

32
Q

how is beef manure treated and stored?

A

feedlots with runoff, flow into retention ponds or lagoons

33
Q

how is swine manure treated and stored?

A

underground holding basins and stored in lagoons

34
Q

what are lagoons?

A

treat tetracycline and sulfamides stay in aqueous phase

35
Q

what are sequencing batch reactors?

A

incorporate anaerobic treatment stage, aerobic treatment, and solids settling stage
nearly completely treatm antibiotics and allow for capture of methane

36
Q

what can be added to sequencing batch reactors which results in the addition removal and treatment including bacteria?

A

Fenton’s reagent (Fe and H2O2)

37
Q

where are antibiotics found in high levels in solids?

A

digestive system

38
Q

where are antibiotics found in high levels in the water column?

A

livestock lagoons

39
Q

antibiotic levels don’t always correlate with the amount of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs)

A
40
Q

what are some environmental factors that do correlate with ARGs?

A

lead
ammonia

41
Q

What is lead’s R value which allows it to correlate with ARGs?

A

R = 0.75

42
Q

What is ammonia’s R value which allows it to correlate with ARGs?

A

R = 0.69

43
Q

What is the total N R value which allows it to correlate with ARGs?

A

R = 0.68

44
Q

What is the R value for total dissolved solids?

A

R^2 > 0.9

Barkovskii

Environmental Toxicology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions