Chapter 5 - Antibiotics and Contaminants Flashcards
MRSA
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
two types of MRSA
CA-MRSA: community aquired
HA-MRSA: hospital acquired
major classes of antibiotics
- aminoglycosides
- beta-lactams
- tetracyclines
- glycopeptides
- macrolides
- sulfonamides
- ionophores
WWTPs
Waste Water Treatment Plants
What type of treatment includes solids settling and screening?
primary
What type of treatment includes activated sludge, rotating biological contractors, and aerated lagoons?
secondary
What type of treatment includes sand filtering or lagoons, and disinfection via chlorine or ozonation?
tertiary
Antibiotic removal is most effective at removing what class of antibiotic?
tetracyclines
Antibiotic removal is least effective at removing what class of antibiotics?
sulfamides
What is the most effective secondary treatment?
activated sludge
Which two antibiotics can be removed efficiently abiotically?
- tetracycline
- ciprofloxacin
genes for aminoglycoside resistance
numerous
genes for beta-lactam resistance
Bl2A-1
genes for MLSb resistance (microlides)
ErmA-H
genes for Multidrug transporters
Emr4
genes for tetracycline resistance
Tet^a-l
Tet^m,o,q,t,w
Tet^x
genes for sulfonamide resistance
Sul1-3
genes for glycopeptide resistance
vanA-G
modes of resistance for Bl2A-1
creates beta-lactamase that breaks ring open
modes of resistance for ErmA-H
post-transcriptional methylation of the 23S ribosomal subunit
modes of resistance for Emr4
multi-drug effix pump
modes of resistance for Tet^a-l
efflux pump
modes of resistance for Tet^m,o,q,t,w
ribosomal protection protein
modes of resistance for Tet^x
oxioreductase, modifes tetracycline
modes of resistance for Sul1-3
dihydroperoate synthase reisstant to inhibition
modes of resistance for vanA-G
reisistant operon genes
what is the range for excretion rates for hosehold wastes?
10%-95%
most have rates over 50%
includes an anaerobic settling tank and some sort of dispersion into the vadose zone of soil
septic systems
what kind of septic systems may improve the treatment of sulfamides
cluster sytems
how is poultry manure treated and stored?
manure mixed with sawdust or other organic bedding and kept in dry stacks
how is dairy manure treated and stored?
sand bedding, semi-solid manure, drained into settling basin
how is beef manure treated and stored?
feedlots with runoff, flow into retention ponds or lagoons
how is swine manure treated and stored?
underground holding basins and stored in lagoons
what are lagoons?
treat tetracycline and sulfamides stay in aqueous phase
what are sequencing batch reactors?
incorporate anaerobic treatment stage, aerobic treatment, and solids settling stage
nearly completely treatm antibiotics and allow for capture of methane
what can be added to sequencing batch reactors which results in the addition removal and treatment including bacteria?
Fenton’s reagent (Fe and H2O2)
where are antibiotics found in high levels in solids?
digestive system
where are antibiotics found in high levels in the water column?
livestock lagoons
antibiotic levels don’t always correlate with the amount of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs)
what are some environmental factors that do correlate with ARGs?
lead
ammonia
What is lead’s R value which allows it to correlate with ARGs?
R = 0.75
What is ammonia’s R value which allows it to correlate with ARGs?
R = 0.69
What is the total N R value which allows it to correlate with ARGs?
R = 0.68
What is the R value for total dissolved solids?
R^2 > 0.9
Barkovskii
