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Environmental Toxicology > Chapter 5 - Supplemental I > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Supplemental I Flashcards

1
Q

study of water and its movement

A

hydrology

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2
Q

unsaturated zone located above water table

A

vadose zone

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3
Q

saturated zone below water table

A

phreatic zone

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4
Q

movement of water through a dose to phreatic zone

A

infiltration

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5
Q

____ is the driving force in pushing contaminants down the water table. ____ is the main force acting on infiltration. ____ forces can draw water downward as well as hold it in place.

A

1) infiltration
2) gravity
3) capillary

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6
Q

A colorless, odorless gas that is emitted when something is burned

A

carbon monoxide (CO)

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7
Q

What is the transformation equation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide?

A

CO + H2O —> CO2 + H2

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8
Q

Which stays in the environment longer?
Carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide

A

carbon dioxide (CO2)

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9
Q

What are the effects of carbon dioxide on the body in low concentrations?
What are the effects in high concentrations?

A

low: shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches
high: asphyxiation

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10
Q

How can sulfur dioxide (SO2) be released into the atmosphere?

A

fossil fuel combustion from power plants by extracting metal ore

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11
Q

What is the most common poisoning of children?

A

lead poisoning

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12
Q

What are factors that affect infiltration?

A
  • Hydraulic Conductivity
  • sorption
  • retardation
  • capillary action
  • viscosity
  • polarity
  • solubility
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13
Q

measure of “thickness” of liquid

A

viscosity

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14
Q

the unevenness of shared electrons resulting in a positively charged end and a negatively charged end

A

polarity

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15
Q

the contaminant will become aqueous in a solution with water

A

solubility

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16
Q

Clay is made of ____.

A

alummacilicase

17
Q

describes how quickly water can pass through a medium

A

conductivity

18
Q

Sandy soils have a ____ hydraulic conductivity, while dense soils composed of clay will have ____ hydraulic conductivity.

A

high; low

ex. clean gravel has a higher hydraulic conductivity than clay

19
Q

penetration of the solid by the contaminant

A

Absorption

20
Q

contaminant is on the surface of the soil

A

Adsorption

21
Q

Soil characterists such as ____ exchange capacity describes how negatively charges soil particles are and therefore, how well a soil holds onto cations.

A

cation

22
Q

Factor that contaminant motion downward is slowed by sorption. Contaminant will reach a location at a lower concentration than it would have if it were a conservative chemical.

A

Retardation

23
Q

Result of surface tension (cohesion) and adhesion which can propel or hold a liquid to a media. Can retain some of the contaminant between pores in the soil in the vadose zone.

A

capillary action

depends on cohesion and adhesion

24
Q

The highest forces will be in the ____ capillaries; greater defiance to gravity.

A

smaller

primary actions that retains and traps contaminants such as DNAPLs

25
Q

Can be solvents, pesticides, fuels, and more. Many become trapped in pores when papillary forces dominate. Traits cause pump and treat methods to be ineffective.

A

non-aqueous phase organic liquids (NAPLs)

26
Q

____ is a common NAPL

A

Trichloroethylene

27
Q

Dense NAPLs

A

If the NAPL is more dense than water it will sink. Halogenated hydrocarbons are more dense than water at 1.2 and 1.5. Have a horizontal flow.

28
Q

Light NAPLs

A

Are found on the surface of water in the subsurface, causing water table fluctuations. Will be more influenced by advection

29
Q

Made up of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene

A

BTEX

30
Q

Has a relatively high solubility in water. Tend to not sorp to soil particles. Can travel far from the source fo contamination. Used for laundry.

A

BTEX

31
Q

What problem?

Increases nutrients in the ground water like organic carbon and nitrates. One problem is that we have many antibiotics that we take and they are excreted through our waste which can affect microorganisms in the soil.

A

septic failures/leakage

32
Q

____% of septic tanks fail annually

A

10-20

33
Q

What does SO2 transfor in to?

A

SO4

34
Q

What are the two largest sources of ozone and fine particle pollution in Georgia?

A

transportation and power generation

35
Q

What are is the main ozone depleating chemical and it’s source?

A

chloroflourocarbons

Refrigerants, aerosol propellants, blowing
agents

Environmental Toxicology (9 decks)

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