Chapter 5 - Supplemental I Flashcards
study of water and its movement
hydrology
unsaturated zone located above water table
vadose zone
saturated zone below water table
phreatic zone
movement of water through a dose to phreatic zone
infiltration
____ is the driving force in pushing contaminants down the water table. ____ is the main force acting on infiltration. ____ forces can draw water downward as well as hold it in place.
1) infiltration
2) gravity
3) capillary
A colorless, odorless gas that is emitted when something is burned
carbon monoxide (CO)
What is the transformation equation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide?
CO + H2O —> CO2 + H2
Which stays in the environment longer?
Carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide (CO2)
What are the effects of carbon dioxide on the body in low concentrations?
What are the effects in high concentrations?
low: shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches
high: asphyxiation
How can sulfur dioxide (SO2) be released into the atmosphere?
fossil fuel combustion from power plants by extracting metal ore
What is the most common poisoning of children?
lead poisoning
What are factors that affect infiltration?
- Hydraulic Conductivity
- sorption
- retardation
- capillary action
- viscosity
- polarity
- solubility
measure of “thickness” of liquid
viscosity
the unevenness of shared electrons resulting in a positively charged end and a negatively charged end
polarity
the contaminant will become aqueous in a solution with water
solubility
Clay is made of ____.
alummacilicase
describes how quickly water can pass through a medium
conductivity
Sandy soils have a ____ hydraulic conductivity, while dense soils composed of clay will have ____ hydraulic conductivity.
high; low
ex. clean gravel has a higher hydraulic conductivity than clay
penetration of the solid by the contaminant
Absorption
contaminant is on the surface of the soil
Adsorption
Soil characterists such as ____ exchange capacity describes how negatively charges soil particles are and therefore, how well a soil holds onto cations.
cation
Factor that contaminant motion downward is slowed by sorption. Contaminant will reach a location at a lower concentration than it would have if it were a conservative chemical.
Retardation
Result of surface tension (cohesion) and adhesion which can propel or hold a liquid to a media. Can retain some of the contaminant between pores in the soil in the vadose zone.
capillary action
depends on cohesion and adhesion
The highest forces will be in the ____ capillaries; greater defiance to gravity.
smaller
primary actions that retains and traps contaminants such as DNAPLs
Can be solvents, pesticides, fuels, and more. Many become trapped in pores when papillary forces dominate. Traits cause pump and treat methods to be ineffective.
non-aqueous phase organic liquids (NAPLs)
____ is a common NAPL
Trichloroethylene
Dense NAPLs
If the NAPL is more dense than water it will sink. Halogenated hydrocarbons are more dense than water at 1.2 and 1.5. Have a horizontal flow.
Light NAPLs
Are found on the surface of water in the subsurface, causing water table fluctuations. Will be more influenced by advection
Made up of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
BTEX
Has a relatively high solubility in water. Tend to not sorp to soil particles. Can travel far from the source fo contamination. Used for laundry.
BTEX
What problem?
Increases nutrients in the ground water like organic carbon and nitrates. One problem is that we have many antibiotics that we take and they are excreted through our waste which can affect microorganisms in the soil.
septic failures/leakage
____% of septic tanks fail annually
10-20
What does SO2 transfor in to?
SO4
What are the two largest sources of ozone and fine particle pollution in Georgia?
transportation and power generation
What are is the main ozone depleating chemical and it’s source?
chloroflourocarbons
Refrigerants, aerosol propellants, blowing
agents
