Chapter 5: Stem Cell Clinical Uses Flashcards
for clinical use, pluripotent stem cells are typically derived from (2):
1) ICM of early blastocysts
2) primordial germ cells: Immature sperm and egg cells. Aka embryonic germ cells if they are isolated from embryo/grown in culture.
Like in ICM, ECS in cultures are maintained by :
Oct 4, SOX2, Nanog in order to prevent differentiation and MAINTAIN PLURIPOTENCY.
ECs can be ___ or ___ depending on the stage they are in when cultured as ICMS. What is the difference?
ECs can be NAIVE or PRIMED depending on the stage they are in when cultured as ICMS.
- Naive ESC: immature undifferentiated ESC with highest degree of pluripotency
Primed ESC: ICM with some maturation toward epiblast lineage. May be harder to induce pluripotency. May easily differentiate into some cells and need mroe “coaxing” to turn to others.
Embryonic stem cells turn into ___
epiblast
Epiblasts turn into ___ without any factors/paracrine needed
epiblasts turn into ectoderm with no coaxing.
Ectoderm cell can form skin if exposed to ___
BMP 4
ectoderm cells can form neural cells if exposed to ___
FGF
Epiblast with ___ or ___ exposure forms ___ ___.
epiblast exposure to Wnt/Activin forms PRIMITIVE STREAK.
posterior primitive streak can form the ____, which forms ___ and ___ cells.
posterior primitive streak can form the MESODERM, which forms endothelial and cardiomyocyte cells. (when exposed to BMP4/ wnt/activiN)
anterior primitive streak can form ____, forming ____
anterioir PS forms endoderm, WHICH CAN FORM hepatocyte and pancreatic cell depending on what it is exposed to. Hepatocytes can be formed if anterior PS is exposed to activin + BMP4 + bFGF. Pancreatic cells can be formed if anterior PS is exposed to activin + Retinoic acid.
Hepatocytes can be formed if anterior PS is exposed to ___+ __+ ___. Pancreatic cells can be formed if anterior PS is exposed to ____+___ .
Hepatocytes can be formed if anterior PS is exposed to activin + BMP4 + bFGF. Pancreatic cells can be formed if anterior PS is exposed to activin+ Retinoic acid.
the posterior PS has ___[Foxa2]. and the anterior primitive streak has ___ [Fox2}
the posterior PS has LOW[Foxa2]. and the anterior primitive streak has HIGH [Fox2}
To induce pluripotency in somatic cells, activated copies of ___, ___, ___ and ___ that encode transcription facotrs of pluripotency need to be inserted. What does each do?
copies of Sox2, Oct4, cmyc, klf 4
sox 2 and oct 4- prevents differentiation, encourages epiblast formation and is involved in epiblast formation from ICM/ maintenance of pluripotency.
cmyc: uncoiled chromatin making genes accessible to sox 2/oct4/nanog
klf4: prevents cell death
although iPSCS can be replicated indefinitely and should theoretically form all 3 germ cell layers, when are they most effective?
they are most effective at creating cells of the organ type that the somatic parent cell was derived from.
____ are peasized mini organs that can live in lab conditions for 1 year
organoids. iPSCs self aggregate to form functional organs
