Chapter 5 Respiratory Flashcards
Includes the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
Delivers air
Air conducting
Swaps gases between air and blood
Includes alveoli and capillaries
Gas exchange
Amount of air moved in and out with a normal breath (500ml)
Tidal volume
Amount of air moved in and out in one minute (6L0
Minute respiratory volume
Max amount of air that can be inhaled over tidal volume (2-3L)
Inspiration reserve volume
Max amount of air that can be exhaled over tidal volume (1-1.5L)
Expiratory reserve volume
Caused by rhinovirus-highly contagious
Infectious rhinitis
Inflammation of the sinus cavities
Exudate collects and blocks the sinus cavities
Rhinosinusitis
Inflammation of the epiglottis
Life-threatening
Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib)
Epiglottitis
Inflammation of the larynx
Usually self limiting
Laryngitis
Croup
Common viral infection in children usually parainfluenza viruses and adenoviruses
Laryngotracheobronchitis
Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree or large bronchi
Acute bronchitis
Viral infection that may affect the upper and lower respiratory tract
Highly adaptive virus
Influenza
Common acute inflammation of bronchioles, usually respiratory syncytial virus
Bronchiolitis
Infectious agents, injurious agents or events, and pulmonary secretion stasis
Pneumonia
Pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila
Thrives in warm, moist environments, particularly air-conditioning systems and spas
Not contagious-spread thru aerosol droplets
Legionnaires’ disease
Caused by yeast like fungus, pneumocystis jiroveci
Opportunistic infection
Pneumocystis carinii
Caused by the bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Fairly controlled until recently
Resistant strains have developed in those immune compromised
Airborne
TB
Chronic disorder that results in intermittent, reversible airway obstruction
Characterized by acute airway inflammation, bronchconstriction, bronchospasm, bronchiole edema, and mucus production
Asthma
Increased IgE synthesis and airway inflammation, resulting in mast cell destruction and inflammatory mediator release
Extrinsic asthma
Not an allergic reaction
Usually presents after age 35
Intrinsic asthma
Usually occurs between3-7a
May be related to circadian rhythms-at night
Nocturnal asthma
Related to bronchospasms, and usually signaled by coughing,
Peaks within 15-30 mins
Inflammatory mediators responsible include leukotrienes, histamine, and some interleukins
Stage one asthma attack
Peaks within 6 hours of symptom onset
Result of airway edema and mucus production
Alveolar hyperinflation causes air trapping
Bronchospasm, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, and mucus production combine to narrow the airways
Stage 2 asthma
Life threatening, prolonged asthma attack that does not respond to usual treatment
Can lead to respiratory alkalosis and respiratory failure quickly
Status asthmaticus
Debilitating chronic disorders characterized by irreversible, progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction
Severe hypoxia and hypercapnia can lead to respiratory failure
Oxygen begins to drive breathing
Can lead to cor pulmonale
COPD
Blue bloaters
Characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, a productive cough, and excessive mucus production
Chronic Bronchitis
Pink puffers
Destruction of the alveolar walls leads to large, permanently inflated alveoli
Enzyme necessary for lung remodeling is deficient
Loss of elastic recoil and hyperinflation of the alveoli, leading to air trapping
Emphysema
Life-threatening condition resulting in severe lung damage and nutrition deficits
Affects cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, and digestive secretions
Mutation on the 7th chromosome
Cystic fibrosis
Second most common cancer
May occur as a primary or secondary tumor
Deadliest of the cancers in men and women
Smoking is the most significant risk factor, either first hand or second hand
Lung cancer
Also know as oat cell carcinoma
Occurs almost exclusively in heavy smokers
Less frequent
Small cell carcinoma
Aka as bronchogenic carcinoma
Most common type
Aggressive
Non-small cell carcinoma
Excess fluid in the pleural cavity Fluid may include exudates, transudates, blood and pus Can impair breathing May see pleurisy Friction rub
Pleural effusion
Air in the pleural cavity
Can cause lung to collapse
Pneumothroax
Air enters from an opening in the internal airways
Spontaneous pneumothroax
Result of a blunt or penetrating injury to the chest
Traumatic pneumothorax
Most serious type
Occurs when the pressure in the pleural space is greater that the atmospheric pressure due to trapped air in the pleural space or entering air from a positive-pressure mechanical ventilator
Tension pneumo
Rapidly developing respiratory failure
Results from accumulation in the alveoli due to a systemic or pulmonary event that is not cardiac in origin
ARDS
Collapse of the alveoli
Atelectasis
Life threatening inability of the lungs to maintain adequate oxygenation
Acute respiratory failure
