Chapter 4 Cardio

Question 1

Increase in electrical charge
Accomplished through cellular ion exchange
Generates cardiac contraction

Answer 1

Depolarization

Question 2

Cellular recovery

Ions returning to the cell membrane in preparation for depolarization

Answer 2

Repolarization

Question 3

Atrial depolarization

Answer 3

P wave

Question 4

Ventricular depolarization

Answer 4

Qrs complex

Question 5

Ventricular repolarization

Answer 5

T wave

Question 6

Rate of contraction

Answer 6

Chronotropic

Question 7

Rate of electrical conduction

Answer 7

Dromotropic

Question 8

Strength of contraction

Answer 8

Inotropic

Question 9

Pressure needed to eject the blood

Answer 9

Afterload

Question 10

Amount of blood returning

Answer 10

Preload

Question 11

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart

Answer 11

Pulmonary artery

Question 12

Carries oxygenated blood to the heart

Answer 12

Pulmonary vein

Question 13

Inflammation of the pericardium
Triggered by viral infection, thoracic trauma, MI, TB, malignancy, and autoimmune conditions
Fluid accumulates in the space between pericardial sac and heart

Answer 13

Pericarditis

Question 14

Cardiac compression from excessive fluid accumulation

Life-threatening

Answer 14

Cardiac tamponade

Question 15

Formally called bacterial endocarditis
Infection of endocardium and heart valves
Vegetation forms on internal structures and creates small thrombi

Answer 15

Infective Endocarditis

Question 16

Inflammation of the myocardium

Uncommon; poorly understood

Answer 16

Myocarditis

Question 17

Conditions that weaken and enlarge the myocardium

Can be acquired or inherited

Answer 17

Cardiomyopathy

Question 18

Most common type

Cardiomegaly and ventricular dilation damage myocardium muscle fibers, resulting in decreased CO and blood stagnation

Answer 18

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 19

Mainly affects systolic function
More common in men and those who are sedentary
Ventricle wall becomes stiff and unable to relax

Answer 19

HYPERtrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 20

Common in South and Central American, India, Asia, and Africa
Caused by rigidity of ventricles, leading to diastolic dysfunction

Answer 20

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 21

Inadequate pumping

Leads to decreased CO, increased preload, and increased after load

Answer 21

Heart Failure

Question 22

Compensatory mechanisms activated
activation of the sympathetic nervous system
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
ventricular hypertrophy
The compensatory mechanisms help at first but create a vicious cycle

Answer 22

Heart failure

Question 23

Cardiac output fails

Blood backs up to the pulmonary circulation

Answer 23

Left-sided failure

Question 24

Blood backs up to the peripheral circulation

Answer 24

Right sided failure

Question 25

Structural issues present at birth | Most common type of birth defect

Answer 25

Congenital heart defects

Question 26

Weakening of an artery | common in the abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta, and cerebral, femoral, and popliteal arteries

Answer 26

Aneurysms

Question 27

High levels of lipids in the blood Increases risk for many chronic diseases Lipids come from dietary sources and are produced by the liver

Answer 27

Dyslipidemia

Question 28

Chronic inflammatory disease characterized by thickening and hardening of the arterial wall Inflammatory process is triggered by a vessel wall injury Lesions develop on the vessel wall and calcify over time

Answer 28

Atherosclerosis

Question 29

Narrowing of peripheral vessels

Answer 29

PVD

Question 30

Atherosclerotic changes of the coronary arteries | Impairs myocardial tissue perfusion

Answer 30

CAD

Question 31

Intermittent chest pain resulting from myocardium ischemia

Answer 31

Angina

Question 32

Stationary blood clot consisting of platelets, fibrin, erythrocytes, and leukocytes

Answer 32

Thrombus

Question 33

Engorged veins resulting from valve incompetency Most common in the legs May also occur as esophageal varies and hemorrhoids Increased venous pressure and blood pooling and lead to vein enlargement and valve stretching Valves become incompetent, leading to reversal of blood flow and increased distinction Capillary pressure increases, which leads to fluid leak, resulting in edema and skin discoloration

Answer 33

Varicose veins

Question 34

Swelling due to a lymph obstruction

Answer 34

Lymphedema

Question 35

Deal of the myocardium | Coronary artery blood flow is blocked due to atherosclerosis, thrombus, or vast spasms

Answer 35

MI

Question 36

Prolonged elevation in blood pressure Excessive cardiac workload due to vasoconstriction, which leads to increased afterload Vasoconstriction decreases renal blood flow, leading to inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 36

HTN

Question 37

Especially intense form Does NOT respond well to treatment Type of htn

Answer 37

Malignant HTN

Question 38

Decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation resulting in inadequate tissue and organ perfusion

Answer 38

Shock

Question 39

Sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are activated

Answer 39

Compensatory shock

Question 40

Compensatory mechanisms fail | Tissues become hypoxia, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid builds up, and metabolic acidosis develops

Answer 40

Progressive Shock

Question 41

Organ damage occurs

Answer 41

Irreversible Shock

Question 42

Loss of vascular sympathetic tone and autonomic function lead to massive vasodilation

Answer 42

Neurogenic (distributive)

Question 43

Bacterial endotoxins activate an immune reaction

Answer 43

Septic

Question 44

Excessive allergic reaction

Answer 44

Anaphylactic shock

Question 45

Left ventricle cannot maintain adequate cardiac output

Answer 45

Cardiogenic shock

Question 46

Venous return reduces because of external blood volume losses

Answer 46

Hypovolemic shock