Chapter 5 part 2

Question 1

Sensory memory has 2 main components:

Answer 1

a) iconic (visual) memory
b) echoic (auditory) memory
With age, there are some modest but important declines in iconic memory

Question 2

True learning =

Answer 2

= information has been stored in the secondary memory

Question 3

Information processing model of memory (party example):

Answer 3

1) sensory memory hears people’s names spoken
2) primary memory stores the information temporarily
3) if the information is put in the secondary memory, it is because the person has repeated the name several times
Multiple new names flood the sensory memory

Question 4

Problems related to test environment for older adults are:

Answer 4

a) time constraints
b) lighting levels
c) tone & loudness of test-giver’s voice
d) size of print

Question 5

___________ declines with age, therefore memory tests become harder

Answer 5

Perceptual speed

Question 6

Older adults tend to make ________ than ___________

Answer 6

more errors of omission (give no answer), errors of commission

Question 7

Performance levels on familiar perceptual-motor tasks (like typing) are

Answer 7

stable among older adults

Question 8

_________ may intimidate older adults

Answer 8

Tachistoscopes

Question 9

________ is required in multiple tests, ________ in essay exam

Answer 9

Recognition, recall

Question 10

In free recall..

Cued recall situations….

Answer 10

no aids are given

give the 1st letter of a word or category labels

Question 11

Older adults may

possibly because

Answer 11

recall past events better than recent ones (hard to measure)

possibly because new information interferes with old one = interference theory

Question 12

Spatial memory

Answer 12

memory (remembering where things are around a community or using a map) declines with age

Question 13

Aids for the older adults’ cognitive abilities are:

Answer 13

1) cognitive retraining

2) the development of new medications

Question 14

To help older adults with cognitive retraining, we can use techniques such as:

Answer 14

a) visual mediators = the method of locations (or loci) = visual links between already stored information and new information to be memorized
b) mnemonics = verbal riddles, codes and rhymes associated with new information
c) putting phone numbers into a mathematical formula
d) external aids, like charts listing people’s routine

Question 15

Wisdom requires:

Answer 15

a) experience
b) introspection
c) reflection
d) intuition
e) empathy

Question 16

To become a “wise elder/older adult”, people:

Answer 16

a) must have housing, income and health under control; b) cannot be impulsive, and c) must reflect on all aspects of a situation

Question 17

The 3 components of wisdom are:

Answer 17

a) cognitive thinking
b) affective thinking
c) reflective thinking

Question 18

Successful aging =

Answer 18

= high older adults’ life satisfaction = high scores on cognitive thinking, affective thinking, & reflective thinking

Question 19

Creativity = ability to:

Answer 19

a) come up with original products

b) apply unique solutions to new situations

Question 20

Creativity:

Answer 20

a) is measured based on the person’s output
b) cannot be predicted
c) can be tested by a test of divergent thinking = creating multiple solutions for unfamiliar tasks