Chapter 4 part 2

Question 1

Heart disease problems include:

Answer 1

a) congestive heart failure ( = < heart’s pumping performance)
b) hypertension
c) hypotension (loss of balance, > the risk of falls)

Question 2

Cerebrovascular disease =

Answer 2

< blood flow to the brain

Question 3

Among older adults….

Answer 3

over 20% of them die of cancer (in particular, stomach, lungs, intestines, and pancreas cancer)

Question 4

_______ use of cancer screening services among black older women = _______ incidence of breast and cervical cancer

Answer 4

decreased, increased

Question 5

Arthritis conditions =

Answer 5

increased 100 types of inflammations and painful changes of joints and bone, including:

a) rheumatoid arthritis (which affects joints and tendons, > common among women)
b) osteoarthritis (affects hands, knees, hips, and shoulders)

Question 6

If older adults avoid physical activities due to pain, they can develop

Answer 6

“contractures” = joints and muscles freeze into rigid positions

Question 7

Osteoporosis =

Answer 7

= dramatic loss in bone mass that can cause fractures of the neck of the femur, or thigh, & hip fractures

Question 8

Osteopenia is like osteoporosis, but

Answer 8

without the risk of fractures

Question 9

Hormone replacement therapy can

Answer 9

reduce the risk of bone fractures, but it is related to breast and endometrial cancer

Question 10

Calcium and exercise can

Answer 10

help prevent osteoporosis, as they decrease bone loss

Question 11

Hypokinesia =

Answer 11

the functional loss of muscle and bone tissue (exercise is important, especially as people age)

Question 12

Strenuous exercise

Answer 12

increases bone mineral density in older women

Question 13

Accident-related injuries

Answer 13

are common among older adults, who are also at > risk of falls

Question 14

Other health challenges for older adults include:

Answer 14

a) chronic bronchitis
b) fibrosis
c) asthma
d) emphysema
e) diverticulitis (about 50% of older women have colon sacs that become infected and inflamed)
f) constipation
g) hiatus hernia (> common in obese women = a part of the stomach slides up through the diaphragm)
h) tooth decay and periodontal diseases
i) AIDS (now recognized as a chronic illness)
j) diabetes mellitus (= < insulin & > blood and urine glucose), which usually causes:
1) weight loss
2) < wound healing
3) > appetite, urination, thirst, fatigue and weakness

Question 15

At this time, diabetes

Answer 15

cannot be cured by modern medicine

Question 16

Cystitis =

Answer 16

acute bladder inflammation often due to older women’ difficulties with emptying their bladder completely

Question 17

Prostate cancer is

Answer 17

the most frequent cancer in older men

Question 18

Incontinence types:

Answer 18

1) urge incontinence (hard to hold urine)
2) stress incontinence (leakage when sneezing, coughing, or exercising)
3) mixed incontinence (1 and 2 together)
4) functional incontinence (related to organic brain syndrome and other neurological changes)

Question 19

Health promotion with older adults =

Answer 19

a combination of health education as well as related political, economic and organizational changes

Question 20

Health promotion’s aims include:

Answer 20

a) < the incidence of disabling chronic diseases;
b) giving people control over their health
c) improving the environment
d) enhancing people’s lifestyle by addressing:
1) nutrition
2) exercise
3) stress management