Chapter 5: Neuro Impairment Flashcards
objective findings of pathology that can be determined by physical examination
signs
subjective reports associated with pathology that are perceived by pts, but may not be objectively examined
symptoms
the release of abnormal behavior
positive signs/symptoms
loss of normal behavior
negative signs/symptoms
impairments as a result of CNS lesions, causing problems in motor sensory/perceptual and/or cognitive systems
primary effect
impairments not directly resulting from the CNS lesion, but developed as a result of the original problems
secondary effect
impairments in the actions systems:
motor weakness (paresis)
abnormal synergies
coactivation
abnormal muscle tone
inability to generate sufficient tension in a muscle and a major impairment of motor function in the UMN syndrome
motor weakness (paresis)
pathology within the CNS can produce problems in activating and sequencing appropriate muscles for functional tasks, which results in the production of unnecessary movements in joints and muscles not directly involved in a functional movement task
abnormal synergies
simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscle pairs during unction movements
coactivation
increased muscle tone - velocity dependent
spasticity
increased muscle tone - velocity independent
rigidity
impairments in the sensory system:
somatosensory, visual and vestibular deficits
optic nerve –>
loss of vision in the ipsilateral eye
optic chiasm –>
loss of vision in temporal visual field from both eyes (tunnel vision)
optic tract –>
loss of vision in contralateral fields in both eyes
impairments in the perceptual system:
body image/schema, spatial relation, apraxia
the awareness of body parts and their relationship to another and the environment
body image/body schema
perceiving oneself in relation to other objects, or other objects in relation to oneself
spatial relation
inability to carry out purposeful movement in the presence of intact sensation, movement and coordination (usually found in L sided brain damage)
apraxia
movement may occur automatically but may not be performed on command
ideomotor apraxia (limb)
purposeful movement is not possible either automatically or on command
ideational apraxia (limb)
impairments in the cognitive system:
attention, memory, orientation, explicit and implicit motor learning, arousal/level of consciousness, problem-solving
slowed movement time, time taken to execute a task-specific movement once it has been initiated
bradykinesia
reduced ability to initiate a movement
hypokinesia
a syndrome dominated by sustained muscle contractions, frequencly causing twisting and repetitive movements of abnormal postures
dystonia
involuntary, irregular and jerky movement
chorea
ash worth scale 0 =
no increase in muscle tone
ash worth scale 1/ 1+ =
slight increase in tone
ash worth scale 4 =
affected parts rigid in flexion/extension
ash worth scale 2 =
more marked increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult
ash worth scare 3 =
considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult