Chapter 2: Motor Learning Flashcards
a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for producing skilled action
motor learning
learn new skills in healthy subjects
conventionally
reacquire skills lost due to injury or disease
recovery of function
motor learning emerges from the interaction between what three things?
individual, task and environment
a set of process of acquiring knowledge about the world
learning
ability to show modification
plasticity
process associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in capability to generated skilled actions
learning
temporary changes in motor behavior
performance
what is the best way to promote neuroplasticity?
transfer to other context/environments, number of reps, of frequency and degree of intensity
what are the different non declarative (implicit) learning types?
non associative, associative, procedural
what is non declarative (implicit) learning?
associated with motor learning; involving reflex pathways
what are the two types of non associative learning and what is non associative learning?
habituation and sensitization
occurs when animals are given a single stimulus repeatedly, the nervous system learns about the characteristics of that stimulus
decrease in responsiveness after repeated exposure to non painful stimuli
habituation
increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimuli
sensitization
learns to predict relationships
associative learning
what are the two types of associative learning?
classical and operant conditioning
learning to pair two stimuli; an initially weak stimulus becomes highly effective in producing a response when it becomes associated with another, stronger stimulus
classical conditioning
learning to associate a response with a consequence (if positive, to be repeated; if negative, to be avoided)
operant conditioning
learning tasks that can be performed automatically without attention or unconsciously (habit)
procedural
require processes such as awareness, attention and reflection, and results in knowledge of facts/events
declarative (explicit) learning
practice can make transition from ___ to ___ knowledge
declarative to procedural
sensory feedback from the ongoing movement is compared within the nervous system with the stored memory of the intended movement
closed-loop theory
used in the selection and initiation of the movement
memory trace (used in closed loop)
built up over a period of practice and became the internal reference of correctness
perceptual trace (used in closed loop)
contain rules for creating the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed to carry out a given task under a variety of contexts
generalized motor programs
an abstract representation stored in memory following multiple presentations of a class of objects
schema
used to select a specific response; rules for the motor control
recall schema
used to evaluate the response; the expected sensory consequences
recognition schema
search for optimal strategies (perception and action) to solve task and environmental constraints
ecological theory
feedback on the movement pattern during movement (how did the learner feel?)
knowledge of performance
feedback on the outcome given at the end of the movement (how did the learner do?)
knowledge of results
three stages of the Systems Three stage Model
novice, advanced, expert
there is a reduction of the number of degrees of freedom of the joints to be controlled to a minimum
novice stage (first stage)
the performer begins to release additional degrees of freedom, by allowing movements at more joints involved in the task
advanced stage (second stage)
individual has now released all the degrees of freedom necessary to perform the task in the most efficient and coordinated way
expert stage (third stage)
rely on sensory inputs during the movement
intrinsic feedback
external sources to supplement intrinsic feedback
extrinsic feedback
doing the same task several reps before staring the next
blocked practice
practicing various tasks in a random order
random practice
more time on practicing in a trial that on rest; tpractice/trest > 1
massed practice
amount of time on practicing between trials is equal to or less than on that of the rest; tpractice/trest < = 1
distributed practice
break whole task down into individual steps
task analysis
physically guided through the task
guidance learning
through trial and error; achievable problem solving skills
discovery learning
