Chapter 5 Macromolecules Flashcards
Which molecules form chainlike molecules called polymers?
carbohydrates proteins and nuclei acids
what is a polymer?
long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
What are repeated units called?
monomers
Some monomers ___________
Have other functions of their own
How do monomers connect?
A condensation reaction or dehydration reaction
- Each monomer contributes part of the water molecule that is lost
- Cells invest energy to carry out dehydration reactions and enzymes are used
How are covalent bonds connecting monomers broken?
Hydrolysis- the opposite of dehydration
What is starch?
a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages
What is a chaperonin?
a protein complex that assists in the proper folding of other proteins
What is a pyrimidine?
- nitrogenous base
- six membered ring
- C U T
What is a lipid?
any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly if at all with water
What is denaturation?
a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions. thereby becoming biologically inactive
Occurs under extreme pH, salt concentration, or temperature
What are the monomers of carbs?
monosaccarides
What are the polymers of carbs?
polysaccarides
How are monosaccharides classified?
- Location of the carbonyl group as aldose or ketose
- # of carbons in carbon skeleton
What is a an example of an aldose?
glucose
What is an example of a ketose?
fructose
What structure do sugars form in aqueous solutions?
rings
What links monosaccharides?
glycosidic linkages
What is the function of monosaccharides?
majors fuel for cells and raw materials for building molecules
What are three basic disaccharides and their components?
Sucrose- glucose + fructose
Lactose- glucose + galactose
Maltose- glucose+ glucose
What are the two storage polysaccharides?
Glycogen and starch
What is starch?
-Carb storage for plants- stored as granules within chloroplasts
What is glycogen?
-Carb storage in animals in muscle and liver
What is cellulose?
- major component of tough plant cell walls
- polymer of glucose
- only digested by cows and termites
What are the two polymers of glucose and their structures?
- Polymers with alpha glucose are helical and polymers with beta glucose are straight
- Straight structure H atoms bond with OH molecules other strands
What is chitin?
carbohydrate found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi
What is the unifying factor of lipids?
-no affinity for water- hydrophobic because of non-polar bonds
What are the three major groups of lipids?
fats, phospholipids, and steroids
What are fats made of?
Glycerol and fatty acids
-glycerol- 3C alcohol with an OH group on each carbon
What is a fatty acid?
carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
What links fatty acids to glycerol?
Ester linkage
What makes up a fat?
triglyceride
Describe saturated fat.
-Maximum H concentration, no double bonds, solid, animal
Describe unsaturated fat.
-Double bonds, liquid, plant and fish
What is hydrogenation and what type of bonds does it form?
The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen forms trans bonds
What is the major function of fats?
energy storage, insulation, cushioning
What is a phospholipid?
-two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
What is a steroid?
lipids characterized by a carbon skeletons consisting of 4 fused rings
What is cholesterol?
a steroid that is a component of animal cell membranes
What are protein functions?
structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances
What are enzymes?
a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions and can be used over and over again
What are polypeptides?
polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
What are amino acids?
organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
What type of bond links proteins?
peptide
What are chaperonins?
protein molecules that assist in proper folding of other proteins
What strengthens protein integration?
sulfide bonds
What are the three types of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA, ATP
What is a monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What makes up nucleotide?
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
What are the purines? Pyrimidines?
Adenine- Guanine
Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil
What links nucleotides?
phosphodiester linkage
What is the structure of DNA?
Double helix- anti parallel
What are the hydrogen bonds in DNA?
A:T
G: .C
