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AP Biology JCH > Chapter 5 Macromolecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Which molecules form chainlike molecules called polymers?

A

carbohydrates proteins and nuclei acids

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2
Q

what is a polymer?

A

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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3
Q

What are repeated units called?

A

monomers

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4
Q

Some monomers ___________

A

Have other functions of their own

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5
Q

How do monomers connect?

A

A condensation reaction or dehydration reaction

  • Each monomer contributes part of the water molecule that is lost
  • Cells invest energy to carry out dehydration reactions and enzymes are used
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6
Q

How are covalent bonds connecting monomers broken?

A

Hydrolysis- the opposite of dehydration

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7
Q

What is starch?

A

a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

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8
Q

What is a chaperonin?

A

a protein complex that assists in the proper folding of other proteins

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9
Q

What is a pyrimidine?

A
  • nitrogenous base
  • six membered ring
  • C U T
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10
Q

What is a lipid?

A

any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly if at all with water

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11
Q

What is denaturation?

A

a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions. thereby becoming biologically inactive
Occurs under extreme pH, salt concentration, or temperature

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12
Q

What are the monomers of carbs?

A

monosaccarides

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13
Q

What are the polymers of carbs?

A

polysaccarides

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14
Q

How are monosaccharides classified?

A
  • Location of the carbonyl group as aldose or ketose

- # of carbons in carbon skeleton

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15
Q

What is a an example of an aldose?

A

glucose

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16
Q

What is an example of a ketose?

A

fructose

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17
Q

What structure do sugars form in aqueous solutions?

A

rings

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18
Q

What links monosaccharides?

A

glycosidic linkages

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19
Q

What is the function of monosaccharides?

A

majors fuel for cells and raw materials for building molecules

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20
Q

What are three basic disaccharides and their components?

A

Sucrose- glucose + fructose
Lactose- glucose + galactose
Maltose- glucose+ glucose

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21
Q

What are the two storage polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen and starch

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22
Q

What is starch?

A

-Carb storage for plants- stored as granules within chloroplasts

23
Q

What is glycogen?

A

-Carb storage in animals in muscle and liver

24
Q

What is cellulose?

A
  • major component of tough plant cell walls
  • polymer of glucose
  • only digested by cows and termites
25
Q

What are the two polymers of glucose and their structures?

A
  • Polymers with alpha glucose are helical and polymers with beta glucose are straight
  • Straight structure H atoms bond with OH molecules other strands
26
Q

What is chitin?

A

carbohydrate found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi

27
Q

What is the unifying factor of lipids?

A

-no affinity for water- hydrophobic because of non-polar bonds

28
Q

What are the three major groups of lipids?

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

29
Q

What are fats made of?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

-glycerol- 3C alcohol with an OH group on each carbon

30
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

31
Q

What links fatty acids to glycerol?

A

Ester linkage

32
Q

What makes up a fat?

A

triglyceride

33
Q

Describe saturated fat.

A

-Maximum H concentration, no double bonds, solid, animal

34
Q

Describe unsaturated fat.

A

-Double bonds, liquid, plant and fish

35
Q

What is hydrogenation and what type of bonds does it form?

A

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen forms trans bonds

36
Q

What is the major function of fats?

A

energy storage, insulation, cushioning

37
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

-two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

38
Q

What is a steroid?

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeletons consisting of 4 fused rings

39
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

a steroid that is a component of animal cell membranes

40
Q

What are protein functions?

A

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances

41
Q

What are enzymes?

A

a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions and can be used over and over again

42
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

43
Q

What are amino acids?

A

organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

44
Q

What type of bond links proteins?

A

peptide

45
Q

What are chaperonins?

A

protein molecules that assist in proper folding of other proteins

46
Q

What strengthens protein integration?

A

sulfide bonds

47
Q

What are the three types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

48
Q

What is a monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

49
Q

What makes up nucleotide?

A

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate

50
Q

What are the purines? Pyrimidines?

A

Adenine- Guanine

Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

51
Q

What links nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester linkage

52
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix- anti parallel

53
Q

What are the hydrogen bonds in DNA?

A

A:T
G: .C

AP Biology JCH (12 decks)

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