Chapter 5 Macromolecules

Question 1

Which molecules form chainlike molecules called polymers?

Answer 1

carbohydrates proteins and nuclei acids

Question 2

what is a polymer?

Answer 2

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Question 3

What are repeated units called?

Answer 3

monomers

Question 4

Some monomers ___________

Answer 4

Have other functions of their own

Question 5

How do monomers connect?

Answer 5

A condensation reaction or dehydration reaction

• Each monomer contributes part of the water molecule that is lost
• Cells invest energy to carry out dehydration reactions and enzymes are used

Question 6

How are covalent bonds connecting monomers broken?

Answer 6

Hydrolysis- the opposite of dehydration

Question 7

What is starch?

Answer 7

a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 8

What is a chaperonin?

Answer 8

a protein complex that assists in the proper folding of other proteins

Question 9

What is a pyrimidine?

Answer 9

• nitrogenous base
• six membered ring
• C U T

Question 10

What is a lipid?

Answer 10

any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly if at all with water

Question 11

What is denaturation?

Answer 11

a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions. thereby becoming biologically inactive
Occurs under extreme pH, salt concentration, or temperature

Question 12

What are the monomers of carbs?

Answer 12

monosaccarides

Question 13

What are the polymers of carbs?

Answer 13

polysaccarides

Question 14

How are monosaccharides classified?

Answer 14

• Location of the carbonyl group as aldose or ketose

- # of carbons in carbon skeleton

Question 15

What is a an example of an aldose?

Answer 15

glucose

Question 16

What is an example of a ketose?

Answer 16

fructose

Question 17

What structure do sugars form in aqueous solutions?

Answer 17

rings

Question 18

What links monosaccharides?

Answer 18

glycosidic linkages

Question 19

What is the function of monosaccharides?

Answer 19

majors fuel for cells and raw materials for building molecules

Question 20

What are three basic disaccharides and their components?

Answer 20

Sucrose- glucose + fructose
Lactose- glucose + galactose
Maltose- glucose+ glucose

Question 21

What are the two storage polysaccharides?

Answer 21

Glycogen and starch

Question 22

What is starch?

Answer 22

-Carb storage for plants- stored as granules within chloroplasts

Question 23

What is glycogen?

Answer 23

-Carb storage in animals in muscle and liver

Question 24

What is cellulose?

Answer 24

• major component of tough plant cell walls
• polymer of glucose
• only digested by cows and termites

Question 25

What are the two polymers of glucose and their structures?

Answer 25

- Polymers with alpha glucose are helical and polymers with beta glucose are straight - Straight structure H atoms bond with OH molecules other strands

Question 26

What is chitin?

Answer 26

carbohydrate found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi

Question 27

What is the unifying factor of lipids?

Answer 27

-no affinity for water- hydrophobic because of non-polar bonds

Question 28

What are the three major groups of lipids?

Answer 28

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 29

What are fats made of?

Answer 29

Glycerol and fatty acids | -glycerol- 3C alcohol with an OH group on each carbon

Question 30

What is a fatty acid?

Answer 30

carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

Question 31

What links fatty acids to glycerol?

Answer 31

Ester linkage

Question 32

What makes up a fat?

Answer 32

triglyceride

Question 33

Describe saturated fat.

Answer 33

-Maximum H concentration, no double bonds, solid, animal

Question 34

Describe unsaturated fat.

Answer 34

-Double bonds, liquid, plant and fish

Question 35

What is hydrogenation and what type of bonds does it form?

Answer 35

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen forms trans bonds

Question 36

What is the major function of fats?

Answer 36

energy storage, insulation, cushioning

Question 37

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 37

-two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

Question 38

What is a steroid?

Answer 38

lipids characterized by a carbon skeletons consisting of 4 fused rings

Question 39

What is cholesterol?

Answer 39

a steroid that is a component of animal cell membranes

Question 40

What are protein functions?

Answer 40

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances

Question 41

What are enzymes?

Answer 41

a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions and can be used over and over again

Question 42

What are polypeptides?

Answer 42

polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

Question 43

What are amino acids?

Answer 43

organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

Question 44

What type of bond links proteins?

Answer 44

peptide

Question 45

What are chaperonins?

Answer 45

protein molecules that assist in proper folding of other proteins

Question 46

What strengthens protein integration?

Answer 46

sulfide bonds

Question 47

What are the three types of nucleic acids?

Answer 47

DNA, RNA, ATP

Question 48

What is a monomer of nucleic acids?

Answer 48

Nucleotides

Question 49

What makes up nucleotide?

Answer 49

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate

Question 50

What are the purines? Pyrimidines?

Answer 50

Adenine- Guanine | Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

Question 51

What links nucleotides?

Answer 51

phosphodiester linkage

Question 52

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 52

Double helix- anti parallel

Question 53

What are the hydrogen bonds in DNA?

Answer 53

A:T G: .C