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AP Biology JCH > Chapter 31 Fungi > Flashcards

Chapter 31 Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?

A

heterotrophic

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2
Q

How do fungi feed?

A

absorption

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3
Q

Describe the two ways fungi use absorption.

A
  • secrete hydrolytic enzyme to break down compounds

- may use enzymes to penetrate the walls of the plant cells

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4
Q

What are the two possible body structures of fungi?

A
  • single celled yeast

- multicellular filaments

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5
Q

What are hyphae?

A

threadlike chains of cells that make up the mycelium

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6
Q

What strengthens fungi cell walls?

A

chitin- nitrogen containing polysaccharide

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7
Q

What is the mycelium?

A

mass formed by hyphae that infiltrates the material that the fungus feeds on

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8
Q

How do mycelium grow?

A

Grows rapidly as proteins and compounds are channeled through cytoplasmic streaming

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9
Q

What are hyphae divided by?

A

hyphae are divided by crosswalks called septa- septa have pores

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10
Q

What are fungi without septa called?

A

coenocytic fungi

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11
Q

What are haustoria?

A

specialized hyphae used to extract nutrients from and exchange nutrients with their hosts

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12
Q

What are mycorrhizae?

A

mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

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13
Q

What is the function of mycorrhizae?

A

can improve delivery of phosphate ion and other minerals to plants and provide fungi with carbohydrates

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14
Q

What are the two types of mycorrhizae?

A

ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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15
Q

What do ectomycorrhizal fungi do?

A

form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and grow into the extracellular spaces of the rot cortex

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16
Q

What do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi do?

A

extend branching hyphae through root cell walls and into tubes protruding into the cell

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17
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

produce spores through sexual or asexula lifestyles

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18
Q

What are mycelia?

A

the vegetative part of a fungus

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19
Q

How do mycelia communicate?

A

they release pheromones

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20
Q

What is the compatibility test?

A

two identical mycelia will not fuse– ensures variation

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21
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

union of cytoplasms of two parent mycelia

22
Q

What is heterokaryon?

A

“different nuclei” when mycelia first fuse and contain coexisting genetically different nuclei

23
Q

What is dikaryotic?

A

haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent and remain separate

24
Q

What is karyogamy?

A

haploid nuclei fuse forming diploid cells

25
Q

Describe how molds reproduce asexually.

A

grow as filamentous fungi that produce spores by mitosis

26
Q

Describe how yeasts reproduce asexually.

A

reproduce as budding yeasts- pinching of small bud cells off of parent cell

27
Q

What are deuteromycetes?

A

fungi with no sexual stage

28
Q

Describe the ancestor of fungi.

A

aquatic single celled flagellated protist

29
Q

What are opisthokonts?

A

Opisthokonts- clade of protists with flagellum in the posterior

30
Q

What are nucleariids?

A

amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria (single celled protists very closely related to fungi)

31
Q

What are microsporidia?

A

unicellular parasites of animals and protist

32
Q

Name the 5 main types of fungi.

A

Chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes

33
Q

Describe Chytrids.

A
  • Live in lakes and soil

- Have flagellated spores called zoospores

34
Q

Describe Zygomycetes.

A
  • Resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage
  • Zygosporangium is multinucleate structure, first heterokaryotic with many diploid nuclei then with many diploid nuclei after karyogamy
  • Hyphae are coenocytic with septa only where reproductive cells are formed
  • Pilobolus can aim and shoot their sporangia toward bright light
35
Q

Describe Glomeromycetes.

A
  • Form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants

- 90% of all plant species have mutualistic partnerships with glomeromycetes

36
Q

Describe Ascomycetes.

Sexual spores? Sacs? Fruiting bodies? Asexual spores?

A
  • Sexual spores (ascospores) borne internally in sacs called asci
  • Bear sexual stages in fruiting bodies or ascocarps, spore forming asci are found in the ascocarps
  • Produce vast numbers of asexual spores (conidia)
  • Conidia are produced externally at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores often in clusters or long chains which may be dispersed by the wind
37
Q

What are three examples of basidiomycetes?

A

mushrooms puffballs shelf fungi

38
Q

What are basidiomycetes more commonly known as?

A

club fungi

39
Q

Describe basidiomycetes

A
  • Elaborate fruiting body (basidiocarp) containing many basidia that produce sexual spores (basidiospores)
  • Long lived dikaryotic mycelium
  • Produce “fairy rings”
40
Q

Why are basidiomycetes significant?

A
  • Two groups of destructive plant parasites: rusts and smuts

- Important decomposers of wood, able to break down the polymer lignin

41
Q

What is a function of fungi in the atmosphere?

A

Fungi decompose the cellulose and lignin of plant cell walls and replenish the atmosphere with inorganic nutrients

42
Q

What are the three main roles of fungi?

A

mutualists, decomposers, parasites

43
Q

What are endophytes? What fungi type are they mostly and what do they do?

A
  • Endophytes- fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm
  • Mostly ascomycetes
  • Make toxins that deter herbivores and increase plant tolerance to heat drought or heavy metals
44
Q

How do fungi have a relationship with cattle?

A

break down plant material in the guts of cattle and other grazing animals

45
Q

How do fungi have a relationship with leaf cutter ants?

A

Leaf cutter ants feed leaves to fungi and then eat the hyphae of the fungi

46
Q

What is a lichen?

A

a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae

47
Q

Describe the location of fungi and algae or bacteria in lichen?

A
  • Fungi gives lichen overall shape and appearance and hyphae form tissues making up most of the mass
  • Algae or bacteria occupy a layer beneath the lichen surface
48
Q

What do fungi and algae do in a lichen?

A
  • Algae provide carbon compounds, cyanobacteria fix and provide nitrogen
  • Fungi provide photosynthetic partners with an environment to grow
  • Allows for gas exchange, protects partner with pigments, retains water and minerals, secrete acids which aid in uptake of minerals
49
Q

Describe two ways lichen may reproduce.

A
  • Lichen may reproduce as two separate organisms: algae by asexual cell division, and fungi sexually by ascocarps or basidiocarps
  • Lichen may reproduce as a unit through fragmentation or the formation of soredia- small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae
50
Q

Name five fungi that infect plants.

A
  • Cryphonectria parasitica- chestnut blight
  • Fusarium circinatum- pine pitch canker
  • Puccinia graminis- black stem rust on wheat
  • Aspergillus- infiltrates unproperly stored grain and produces toxin
  • Claviceps purpurea- grows on rye plants forming ergots- causes hallucinations
51
Q

Name three fungi that infect humans.

A
  • Mycosis- fungal infections
  • Skin mycosis- ringworm
  • Systemic mycosis spread through the body and cause very serious illness- lung spores
  • Candida albicans- yeast infections
52
Q

Name three practical uses of fungi.

A
  • Aspergillus to produce citric acid for sodas
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used to produce alcohol, bread and for research
  • Penicillium

AP Biology JCH (12 decks)

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