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AP Biology JCH > Chapter 35 Plant Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Plant Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is developmental plasticity?

A

the ability to alter itself in response to its environment

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2
Q

What plant exhibits development plasticity?

A

fanwort

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3
Q

Where is developmental plasticity most marked?

A

in plants rather than animals

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4
Q

What is morphology?

A

form

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5
Q

Describe the hierarchy of organs

A

plants have organs composed of different tissues, which in turn are composed of cells.

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6
Q

What are the three basic organs of plants?

A

roots, stems, and leaves

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7
Q

What are the two organ systems of plants?

A

root system and a shoot system

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8
Q

How do roots and shoots rely on each other?

A

Roots rely on sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system.
Shoots rely on water and minerals absorbed by the root system.

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9
Q

What is vegetative growth?

A

production of nonreproductive leaves stems and roots and reproductive growth

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10
Q

What are the functions of root?

A
  • Anchoring the plant
  • Absorbing minerals and water
  • Storing organic nutrients
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11
Q

What is a taproot system?

A

one main vertical root (taproot) that gives rise to some large lateral roots, or branch roots

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12
Q

What are adventitious roots?

A

Adventitious roots arise from stems or leaves

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13
Q

What is a fibrous root system?

A

many thin lateral roots with no main root

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14
Q

What plants have a fibrous root system?

A

seedless vascular plants and monocots

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15
Q

Where does absorption of water and minerals occur?

A

near root hairs

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16
Q

What is the function of root hairs?

A

they increase the surface area and function in absorption

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17
Q

What are four examples of modified roots?

A

Prop roots (corn), storage roots (beets), pneumatophores (mangroves), buttress roots (support)

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18
Q

What are stems?

A

organs consisting of nodes and internodes

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19
Q

What are nodes?

A

the points at which leaves are attached

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20
Q

What are internodes?

A

the stem segments between nodes

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21
Q

What is an axillary bud?

A

a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch

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22
Q

What is an apical bud?

A

Apical bud, or terminal bud, is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

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23
Q

What is apical dominance?

A

helps to maintain dormancy in most nonapical buds

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24
Q

What are modified stems often mistaken for?

A

roots

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25
Q

List four types of modified stems.

A

rhizomes, bulbs, stolons, tubers

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26
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Rhizomes- horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface

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27
Q

What are bulbs?

A

Bulbs- layered vertical underground shoots

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28
Q

What are stolons?

A

Stolons- horizontal shoots that grow along the surface

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29
Q

What are tubers?

A

Tubers- enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food

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30
Q

What are the components of leaves?

A

Leaves generally consist of a flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

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31
Q

What do monocots lack in leaf structure?

A

Monocots lack petioles, instead the base of the leaf forms a sheath that envelopes the stem

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32
Q

Describe a simple leaf.

A

single undivided blade

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33
Q

Describe a compound leaf.

A

blades that consists of multiple leaflets

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34
Q

Describe a doubly compound leaf.

A

leaflets divided into smaller leaflets

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35
Q

List five types of modified leaves.

A

tendrils, spines, storage leaves, reproductive leaves, bracts

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36
Q

What are tendrils?

A

Modified leaves, clings

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37
Q

What are spines?

A

modified leaves, prickly, photosynthesis is carried out mainly by the fleshy stems

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38
Q

What are storage leaves?

A

modified leaves, succulent plant leaves store water

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39
Q

What are reproductive leaves?

A

modified leaves, little plantlets fall off and take root in the soil

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40
Q

What are bracts?

A

modified leaves, look like petals, attract pollinators

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41
Q

What are the three types of tissue?

A

dermal, vascular, ground

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42
Q

What is the dermal tissue system?

A

the plants outer protective covering

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43
Q

What is the dermal tissue system is nonwoody plants?

A

epidermis

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44
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

A waxy coating called the cuticle helps prevent water loss from the epidermis.

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45
Q

What is the dermal tissue system in woody plants?

A

protective tissues called periderm replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

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46
Q

What are trichomes?

A

Trichomes are outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defense, reduce water loss and reflect excess light

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47
Q

What is the function of the vascular tissue system?

A

carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots

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48
Q

What is te function of the xylem?

A

conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

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49
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed

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50
Q

What is the vascular system collectively called?

A

the stele

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51
Q

What is the ground tissue system made up of?

A

tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular

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52
Q

What is contained in ground tissue?

A

plastids for storage

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53
Q

What is pith?

A

ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

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54
Q

What is cortex?

A

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

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55
Q

What are three functions of ground tissue?

A

storage, photosynthesis, and support

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56
Q

What are the 5 major types of plant cells?

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem

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57
Q

What type of tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma?

A

ground

58
Q

What type of tissues are xylem and phloem?

A

vascular

59
Q

Describe parenchyma cells.

A
  • Photosynthesis, storage.
  • Large central vacuole
  • Able to transform into different types of cells
  • Thin flexible cell walls:
60
Q

Describe collenchyma cells.

A

thicker cell walls for flexible support

61
Q

Describe sclerenchyma cells.

A
  • thick secondary cell walls reinforced with lignin for rigid, sturdy support
  • dead at functional maturity
62
Q

Describe two types of sclerenchyma cells.

A
  • Sclereids are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls.
  • Fibers are long and slender and arranged in threads.
63
Q

What are the two types of xylem cells?

A

tracheids , vessel elements

64
Q

Where are tracheids found?

A

found in the xylem of all vascular plants

65
Q

Where are vessel elements found?

A

common to most angiosperms and a few gymnosperms

66
Q

Describe tracheids.

A
  • Long thin cells with tapered ends
  • Their walls are often interrupted by pits, thinner regions where only primary walls are present.
  • Water can migrate laterally through cells.
67
Q

Describe vessel elements.

A
  • Wider, shorter, thinner walled, and less tapered cells
  • Vessel elements align end to end to form long micropipes called vessels.
  • End walls have perforation plates that enable water to flow freely
68
Q

What are phloem cells called?

A

sieve tube elements

69
Q

Describe sieve tube elements.

A

-alive at functional maturity, though they lack organelles

70
Q

Describe components associated with sieve-tube elements.

A
  • Sieve plates are the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube.
  • Each sieve-tube element has a companion cell whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells.
71
Q

What is the function of meristems?

A

generate cells for new organs

72
Q

What is indeterminate growth?

A

a plant growing throughout its life

73
Q

What is determinate growth?

A

plant organs cease to grow at a certain size

74
Q

What are annuals?

A

plants that complete their life cycle in a year or less

75
Q

What are biennials?

A

plants that require two growing seasons (radishes and carrots)

76
Q

What are perennials?

A

plants that live for many years

77
Q

How do perennials die?

A

infection or severe environmental trauma

78
Q

What are meristems?

A

are growth regions - have perpetual embryonic tissue that allows for indeterminate growth

79
Q

What are apical meristems?

A

located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots

80
Q

What do apical meristems perform?

A

located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots

81
Q

What do lateral meristems do?

A

add thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth

82
Q

What are the two lateral meristems?

A

the vascular cambium and the cork cambium

83
Q

What does the vascular cambium do?

A

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem = wood and secondary phloem

84
Q

What does the cork cambium do?

A

replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

85
Q

What are initials?

A

Initials are cells that remain as sources of new cells

86
Q

What are derivatives?

A

Derivatives cells displaced from the meristem until the cells they produce become specialized within developing tissues

87
Q

What do bud scales do?

A

protect a dormant apical bud

88
Q

Where are bud scars?

A

Bud scars are left behind where the bud scales have fallen

89
Q

Where are leaf scars?

A

Leaf scars are left behind where leaves have fallen

90
Q

What does the root cap do?

A
  • protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil
  • Root cap secretes polysaccharide slime that lubricates the soil around the tip of the root
91
Q

What are the three zones of growth?

A

zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of maturation

92
Q

What is the zone of cell division?

A

root apical meristem and root cap, new root cells are produced in this region

93
Q

What is the zone of elongation?

A

where root cells elongate up to 10x their original length

94
Q

What is the zone of maturation/differentiation?

A

where root cells complete their differentiation and become distinct cell types

95
Q

What does the primary growth of roots produce?

A

epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue

96
Q

What is the stele in most roots?

A

a vascular cylinder

97
Q

Where is the cortex located?

A

the region between the vascular cylinder and epidermis

98
Q

What is the innermost layer of the cortex called?

A

the endodermis

99
Q

What cells fill the cortex?

A

parenchyma cells

100
Q

Where do lateral roots arise?

A

from within the pericycle

101
Q

What is the pericycle?

A

the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder

102
Q

What do leaves develop from?

A

leaf primordia, fingerlike projections along the sides of the apical meristem

103
Q

What do axillary bud develop from?

A

meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia

104
Q

What do lateral shoots develop from?

A

from axillary buds on the stem’s surface

105
Q

What are intercalary meristems?

A

areas of meristematic tissue separated from the apical meristem

106
Q

What do intercalary meristems allow for?

A

Allows grasses to regrow after cutting

107
Q

How is the vascular tissue arranged in monocots?

A

In most monocot stems, the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue, rather than forming a ring.

108
Q

How is the vascular tissue arranged in eudicots?

A

In most eudicots, the vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles that are arranged in a ring.

109
Q

What perforated the epidermis of leaves?

A

stomata, which allow CO2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf

110
Q

What are stomata guarded by?

A

Each stomatal pore is flanked by two guard cells, which regulate its opening and closing

111
Q

What is the group tissue in the leaf called?

A

mesophyll, is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis.

112
Q

What are the types of mesophyll in a leaf?

A

Below the palisade mesophyll in the upper part of the leaf is loosely arranged spongy mesophyll, where gas exchange occurs.

113
Q

What are leaf traces?

A

Leaf traces, connections from vascular bundles in the stem pass through petioles and into leaves

114
Q

What are veins and what do they function as?

A

Veins are the leaf’s vascular bundles and function as the leaf’s skeleton

115
Q

What are veins enclosed by?

A

Each vein in a leaf is enclosed by a protective bundle sheath

116
Q

What is the function of secondary growth?

A

adds girth to stems and roots in woody plants

117
Q

What does the secondary plant body consist of?

A

The secondary plant body consists of tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium

118
Q

What does the vascular cambium develop from?

A

undifferentiated parenchyma cells

119
Q

What does the vascular cambium appear as?

A
  • In cross section, the vascular cambium appears as a ring of initials.
  • The initials increase the vascular cambium’s circumference and add secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside.
120
Q

What is the vascular cambium?

A

a cylinder of meristematic cells one cell layer thick

121
Q

What does the vascular cambium do?

A

adds secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem increasing vascular flow and support for the shoot system

122
Q

What does the cork cambium do?

A

The cork cambium produces a tough thick covering of mainly wax-impregnated cells that protect the stem from water loss and invasion by insects, bacteria, and fungi

123
Q

Where are tree rings visible?

A

Tree rings are visible where late and early wood meet, and can be used to estimate a tree’s age.

124
Q

What is dendrochronology?

A

is the analysis of tree ring growth patterns, and can be used to study past climate change.

125
Q

What is the the heartwood and how does it change as the tree ages?

A

As a tree or woody shrub ages, the older layers of secondary xylem, the heartwood, no longer transport water and minerals.

126
Q

What is the sapwood and what does it do?

A

The outer layers, known as sapwood, still transport materials through the xylem.

127
Q

What occurs to phloem over time?

A

Older secondary phloem sloughs off and does not accumulate.

128
Q

What is bark made up of?

A

Bark is made up of secondary phloem and layers of periderm

129
Q

What does periderm consist of?

A

the cork cambium plus the layers of cork cells it produces

130
Q

What is bark?

A

Bark consists of all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm

131
Q

What are lenticels?

A

Lenticels in the periderm allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air

132
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

the development of body form and organization

133
Q

How do plants grow rapidly and cheaply?

A

Plant cells grow rapidly and “cheaply” by intake and storage of water in vacuoles

134
Q

Where do plant cells primarily expand?

A

Plant cells expand primarily along the plant’s main axis

135
Q

What do cellulose microfibrils do?

A

Cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall restrict the direction of cell elongation

136
Q

What is pattern formation?

A

the development of specific structures in specific locations

137
Q

What occurs in cellular differentiation?

A

In cellular differentiation, cells of a developing organism synthesize different proteins and diverge in structure and function even though they have a common genome.

138
Q

What does cellular differentiation depend on?

A

Cellular differentiation to a large extent depends on positional information and is affected by homeotic genes.

139
Q

What determines what type of cell a cell will become?

A

its final position

140
Q

What does flower formation involve?

A

Flower formation involves a phase change from vegetative growth to reproductive growth.

141
Q

What must be switched on for flowering?

A

Transition from vegetative growth to flowering is associated with the switching on of floral meristem identity genes.

142
Q

What is the ABC model of flower formation?

A

c

AP Biology JCH (12 decks)

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