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AP Biology JCH > Chapter 30 Plant Diversity 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 30 Plant Diversity 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a seed?

A

A seed consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat.

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2
Q

Where do gametophytes develop?

A

develop within the walls of spores and are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte

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3
Q

List five characteristics common to all seed plants

A
  • Seeds
  • Reduced gametophytes
  • heterospory
  • ovules
  • pollen
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4
Q

What is a gametophyte?

A

the multicellular haploid stage

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5
Q

What is a sporophyte?

A

the multicellular diploid stage

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6
Q

Describe the gametophyte and sporophyte of mosses and other non-vascular plants.

A

Gametophyte- dominant

Sporophyte- reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition

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7
Q

Describe the gametophyte and sporophyte of ferns and other seedless vascular plants.

A

Gametophyte- reduced independent

Sporophyte- dominant

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8
Q

Describe the gametophyte and sporophyte of seed plants.

A

Gametophyte- reduced, depended on sporophyte tissue for nutrition
Sporophyte- dominant

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9
Q

What is heterospory?

A

plants that produce two kinds of spores: megaspores and microspores

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10
Q

Seed plants are _____

A

heterosporous

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11
Q

What are megasporangia and microsporangia?

A
  • Megasporangia produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes.
  • Microsporangia produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes.
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12
Q

What are the parts of an ovule?

A

megasporangium, megspore, and one or more integuments

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13
Q

What does a fertilized ovule become?

A

a seed

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14
Q

What occurs inside each ovule?

A

inside each ovule a female gametophyte develops from a megaspore and produces one or more eggs

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15
Q

What does a microspore develop into?

A

a microspore develops into a pollen grain that consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall

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16
Q

How many integuments do gymnosperms and angiosperms have?

A

Gymnosperm megaspores have one integument.

Angiosperm megaspores usually have two integuments.

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17
Q

Describe the structure of an unfertilized ovule.

A
  • Megaspore (n)
  • Spore wall
  • Megasporangium (2n)
  • Integument
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18
Q

What is pollination?

A

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male to the female part containing the ovules.

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19
Q

What are advantages of pollen over free swimming sperm?

A
  1. Pollen eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals.
  2. If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule.
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20
Q

What are evolutionary advantages of seeds over spores?

A

They may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination.
They may be transported long distances by wind or animals.

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21
Q

What are the three parts of a gymnosperm seed?

A
  • seed coat derived from integument
  • food supply (female gametophyte tissue) (n)
  • embryo (2n)(new sporophyte)
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22
Q

What defines a gymnosperm?

A

The gymnosperms have “naked” seeds not enclosed by ovaries and exposed on modified leaves - cones

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23
Q

What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms?

A
  • Cycadophyta (cycads)
  • Gingkophyta (one living species: Ginkgo biloba)
  • Gnetophyta (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia)
  • Coniferophyta (conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood).
24
Q

What are the two clades of see plants?

A

Seed plants can be divided into two clades: gymnosperms and angiosperms

25
Q

What are cone bearing gymnosperms called?

A

conifers

26
Q

What are three key feature of the gymnosperm life cycle?

A
  • Dominance of the sporophyte generation.
  • The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen.
  • Development of seeds from fertilized ovules.
27
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits.

28
Q

What is a flower?

A

flower is an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

29
Q

What are the four modified leaves of the flower?

A
  • Sepals - enclose the flower
  • Petals - brightly colored and attract pollinators
  • Stamens - produce pollen on their terminal anthers
  • Carpels - consist of an ovary containing ovules at the base and a style holding up a stigma, where pollen is received.
30
Q

What are the two parts of the stamen?

A

Anther- terminal sac where pollen is produced

Filament-stalk that supports the anther

31
Q

What are the three parts of the carpel?

A

Stigma, style, ovary

32
Q

What does a fruit consist of?

A

A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts.

33
Q

What is the function of fruits?

A

Fruits protect seeds and aid in seed dispersal.

34
Q

Fruits may either be ____ or ____.

A

Fleshy or dry

35
Q

Give three examples of fruit adaptations for seed dispersal.

A

wings, seeds within berries, barbs

36
Q

Where are male gametophytes found in angiosperms?

A

Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains produced by the microsporangia of anthers.

37
Q

Where are female gametophytes found within angiosperms?

A

The female gametophyte = embryo sac, develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of a stigma.

38
Q

What occurs when pollen lands on a stigma?

A

A pollen grain that has landed on a stigma germinates and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary.

39
Q

How does pollen enter the ovary?

A

Sperm enter the ovule through a pore opening called the micropyle.

40
Q

When does double fertilization occur?

A

Double fertilization occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule.

41
Q

What two events occur during double fertilization?

A
  • One sperm fertilizes the egg forming a zygote.
  • The other sperm combines with two nuclei (producing a triploid cell) and initiates development of food-storing endosperm.
42
Q

What is the function of the endosperm?

A

endosperm nourishes the developing embryo

43
Q

What makes up the embryo of a seed?

A

Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called cotyledons

44
Q

What diverged 305 million years ago?

A

the ancestors of angiosperms and gymnosperms

45
Q

What plants may angiosperms be closely related to?

A

Bennettitales- extinct seed plants with flowerlike structures

46
Q

What two plants descended from two of the most ancient angiosperm lineages?

A

amborella and water lilies

47
Q

What are the two largest groups of angiosperms?

A

Monocots and eudicots
Monocots (1/4)- one cotyledon
Eudicots (2/3)- two cotyledons

48
Q

Describe monocot features.

A
  • one cotyledon
  • veins parallel
  • vascular tissue scattered
  • root system fibrous (no main root)
  • pollen grain with one opening
  • floral organs in multiples of 3
49
Q

Describe eudicot features

A
  • two cotyledons
  • veins netlike
  • vascular tissue arrange in a ring
  • root system taproot
  • pollen grain with three openings
  • floral organs usually in multiples of 4 or 5
50
Q

What are the two types of pollination?

A

self pollination and cross pollination

51
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of cross pollination?

A

enhances genetic variability

52
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

when angiosperms transfer pollen from an anther on one plant to a stigma on another

53
Q

Which clade has more species?

A

Clades with bilaterally symmetrical flowers have more species than those with radially symmetrical flowers

54
Q

Describe four ways humans rely on plants.

A
  • Most of our food comes from angiosperms. Six crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes) yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans.
  • Modern crops are products of relatively recent genetic change resulting from artificial selection.
  • Many seed plants provide wood.
  • Secondary compounds of seed plants are used in medicines.
55
Q

List 5 ancestors in descending order.

A

Charophyte green algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

AP Biology JCH (12 decks)

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