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Bio 243 > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Integumentary system consists of:

A

Skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

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2
Q

Skin has 2 distinct regions:

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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3
Q

superficial region, avascular

A

Epidermis

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4
Q

under epidermis, vascular (thick)

  • nice and thick
  • fibers in matrix bind body together
A

Dermis

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5
Q

superficial facia, bottom layer of fat
> subcutaneous layer
> Not part of skin
> mostly made of adipose tissue

A

Hypodermis

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6
Q

Epidermis mostly consist of what type of epithelium

> what is the 4 types of cell in epidermis

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

> Kertinocytes, Melanocytes, Dendritic, and merkel cells

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7
Q

cells that produced fibrous keratin

A

Keratinocytes

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8
Q

cells that produces melanin pigment, protect nucleus from UV damage

A

Melanocytes

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9
Q

cells that has role in immune system

A

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

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10
Q

five layers (strata) and is found in palms hands and feet

A

Thick Skin

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11
Q

Five layers of skin (from inferior to superficial)

A

Stratum basale,
Stratum spinosum,
Stratum granulosum,
Stratum lucidum (thick skin)
Stratum corneum

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12
Q

deepest layer of the skin, firmly attached to dermis.

A

Stratum basale (basal layer)

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13
Q

prickly layer of the skin, appears spikey with several cell layers

A

Stratum spinosum (prickly layer)

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14
Q

four to six cell layers of skin, but cells are flat (so it is thin)

A

Stratum granulosum

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15
Q

layer of skin found on palms of hands and soles of feet, has dead cells.

A

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

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16
Q

layer of skin with 20-30 rows of flat anucleated, keratinized DEAD cells

A

Stratum corneum

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17
Q

cells change by going through _____ (controlled cell death)

A

Apoptosis

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18
Q

The Dermis consists of 6 things:

A

nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic cells.

Also epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands

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19
Q

what are the two types of connective tissues in the dermis?

A

papillary(loose areolar) and reticular (dense irregular CT)

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20
Q

This is a superficial layer of loose areolar connective tissue consisting of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis

  • also projections contains capillary loops, free nerve endings and touch receptors.
A

Dermal papillary layer

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21
Q

This dermal layer consists of 80% of dermal thickness, and consists of elastic fibers and collagen fibers

A

Reticular layer

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22
Q

striae aka stretch marks are an example of _____.

What are skin traumas that are fluid-filled pockets that separate epidermal and dermal layers?

A

dermis tears

Blisters

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23
Q

What three pigments contribute to skin color

A

Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin

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24
Q

What provides skin protection from UV damage and is also a pigment that contributes with skin color

A

Melanin

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25
Q

What skin pigment provides yellow to orange pigment and is most obvious in the palms and soles of hands and feet.

  • can also be converted to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health
A

Carotene

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26
Q

What three pigments contribute to skin color

A

Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin

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27
Q

What pigment shows up more when there is lower levels in melanin (in caucasians)
and is considered protein in the skin

A

Hemoglobin

28
Q

Blue skin color bc of low oxygen in hemoglobin?

pale color bc of anemia, low blood pressure, fear, and anger?

redness caused by fever, hypertension, inflammation, and allergies?

yellow cast caused by liver disorders?

A

Cyanosis

Pallor

Erythema

Jaundice

29
Q

hair consists of _______, and is aka _____.

A

dead keratinized cells
Pilo

30
Q

What are the 2 regions of hair?

What are the three parts of the hair shaft?

A

Regions: Shaft (above scalp), Root (within scalp)

parts of hair shaft:
Medulla (core of large cells), Cortex (layers of flat cells), Cuticle (outer layer of single cells)

31
Q

What are the parts of a hair follicle?

A

Hair bulb - deep end of follicle
> Hair matrix: actively dividing area that makes hair cells.

Hair follicle receptor - sensory nerve endings around bulb

Arrector pili - muscle attached to hair

32
Q

what are the two types of hair growth?

A

Vellus hair - pale, fine body hair of childern and adult females

Terminal hair - coarse, long hair, found on scalp and eyebrows
> during puberty -> appears in axillary and pubic regions

33
Q

What is excessive hairiness?
(can be a sign of masculinization)

A

Hirsutism

34
Q

What condition is some degree of hair loss

A

Alopecia

35
Q

What is a scale like modification of epidermis that contain hard keratin and acts s protection for fingers and toes?

A

Nails

36
Q

Nails consists of:

A

free edge, nail plate, and root

37
Q

part of nails that is epidermis underneath keratinized nail plate

A

Nail bed

38
Q

thickened portion fo bed responsible for nail growth?

A

Nail matrix

39
Q

part of nail that is a thickened nail matrix, appears white, and near the cuticle

(cardiovascular and nervous)

A

Lunule

40
Q

nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body also known as cuticle

A

Eponychium

41
Q

area of the nail under free edge plate that accumulates dirt

A

Hyponychium

42
Q

yellow nails can be due to _____

concavity of nail that may signal iron deficiency (aka spoon nail) is _______

when nails appear convex like clubs, can sometimes indicate respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

A

fungal infection of nail

Koilonchya

Clubbing

43
Q

almost all skin surfaces contain sweat glands aka _______

what are the two main types?

A

sudoriferous glands

> eccrine (merocine) sweat glands
apocrine sweat glands

44
Q

Most numerous type of sweat glands
- has function in thermoregulation

A

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

45
Q

found in armpit (axillary) and anus (anogenital) areas
- secretes sweat containing fatty substances and proteins
-bacteria break down sweat = body odor
- ducts located emptying into hair follicles
- begins to work at puberty

A

Apocrine sweat glands

46
Q

Modified apocrine glands types:

A

Ceruminous glands (external ear canal; secretes earwax)

Mammary glands (secrete milk)

47
Q
  • most develop from hair follicles, and secrete into hair follicles
  • secretes sebum, (hormones: acne)
A

Sebaceous (oil) glands

48
Q

an infectious inflammation of sebaceous glands, resulting in pimples

blocked sebaceous glands

overactive sebaceous glands in infants can lead to…

A

Acne

Whiteheads

seborrhea

49
Q

6 functions of Skin

A

protection
body temp regulation
cutaneous sensations (to feel)
metabolic functions
blood reservoirs
excretion of wastes

50
Q

skin is exposed to microorganisms, abrasions, extreme temps, and harmful chemicals

constitutes 3 barriers:

A

Protection

Chemical barrier
physical barrier
biological barrier

51
Q

skin barrier with sweat, oil, low pH, melanin, and defensins

A

Chemical barriers

52
Q

skin barrier with Keratinized cells

A

Physical barriers

53
Q

skin barrier with dendritic cells (APC) of epidermis, macrophages of dermis, DNA absorbs UV light

A

Biological barriers

54
Q

with resting body temp, sweat glands produce unnoticeable sweat called ____

A

insensible perspiration

55
Q

If body temp rises, dermal vessels can increase sweat gland activity to produce 12 L of noticeable sweat called ____ which is designed to cool the body

A

sensible perspiration

56
Q

cutaneous sensory receptors are….

A

part of nervous system

extreroreceptors responds to stimuli outside body, such as temp and touch

free nerve endings that sense painful stimuli

57
Q

skin metabolic functions

A
  • synthesize vitamin D for calcium absorption in intestine
  • makes collagnase, aids in natural turnover of collagen to prevent wrinkles
58
Q

skin Blood reservoir

A
  • hold up to 5% of body’s blood volume
  • vessels can be constricted to shunt blood to other organs (excercising muscle)
59
Q

three types of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma

60
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

malignant and most common
- stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis
- cured by mostly by surgical excision

61
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

second most common type, can metastasize
- keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
- usually scaly red papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands
- can be treated with radiation therapy or surgical removal

62
Q

Melanoma

A

-cancer in melanocytes, most dangerous bc is easily spreads and is resistant to chemo
- can be treated with surgical excision + immunotherapy

63
Q

Burns

A

tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals
- immediate threat is dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

64
Q

1st degree burn

A

localized redness, edema(swelling), and pain

65
Q

2nd degree burns

A

epidermal and upper dermal damage
-blisters appear

66
Q

3rd degree burns

A

-through epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (entire thickness of skin)
- skin color turns gray-white, cherry red or blackened
-No edema seen and area is not painful bc nerve endings are destroyed
- skin grafting usually necessary

Bio 243 (8 decks)

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