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Bio 243 > Chapter 3: Cells - The Living Units > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells - The Living Units Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid
hold the genetic blueprint for making all proteins
- double helix (double-stranded helical molecule) that is located in cell nucleus
double helix is made up of sugar, phosphate back bone
- contains deoxyribose sugar
CBP: A - T, C - G

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2
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid
- it is what copies the DNA in nucleus and is used to further turn DNA into proteins in ribosomes
Differences with DNA:
- single-stranded molecule (mostly active outside nucleus)
- contains ribose sugar (not deoxyribose)
- replaces Thymine with Uracil in CBP
CBP: A - U, C -G
has three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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3
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA
contains codon transcription from DNA

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4
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
- is in the ribosomes

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5
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA
- contains anticodons that complements the codons from mRNA

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6
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

aka CBP (only for me)
- directs transfer of genetic info in DNA into amino acid sequence of proteins
- A, T, C, G, U
DNA CBP: A - T, C - G
RNA CBP: A - U, C - G

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7
Q

Adenine

A

A in complementary base pairing
- complements T in DNA
- complements U in RNA

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8
Q

Thymine

A

T in complementary base pairing
- complements A in DNA

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9
Q

Uracil

A

U in complementary base pairing
- complements A in RNA

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10
Q

Cytosine

A

C in complementary base pairing
- complements G in both DNA and RNA

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11
Q

Guanine

A

G in complementary base pairing
- complements C in both DNA and RNA

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12
Q

2 types of ribosomes both are involved in protein synthesis

A

free ribosomes, and ribosomes embedded on the Rough ER

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13
Q

If proteins were made in rough ER ribosomes they….

A

will eventually leave the cell

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14
Q

If proteins is made in free ribosomes they….

A

are going to stay in the cell

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15
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

process of turning DNA into proteins
(the making of proteins)

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16
Q

What are the two main parts of Protein Synthesis

A

Transcription and Translation

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17
Q

Transcription

A

basically DNA to mRNA
- happens in the nucleus
- DNA double helix is unwound into complementary mRNA single strand codons
(using CBP: A - U, C - G)

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18
Q

where does the mRNA codon go after Transcription?

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into a ribosome for the next step; Translation

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19
Q

Translation

A

basically mRNA + tRNA = Proteins
- happens in a ribosome
- mRNA codons (3 letters) is complementary base paired with tRNA anticodons
(complementary to 3 letters) to ensure correct amino acid sequence of proteins

  • Every 3 letters of mRNA transcript represents a codon which represents an amino acid
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20
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

amino acid sequence chain (3 sets of complementary base paired letters)
or
Polypeptides

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21
Q

If proteins were made in rough ER what happens next?

A

They will go to the Golgi apparatus to be packaged/wrapped in a vesicle so it can leave the cell via exocytosis

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22
Q

Why does proteins (made from rough ER) have to be packaged/wrapped in a vesicle?

A

without it proteins being packaged/wrapped it will not be able to leave the cell because it is not a fat like lipids
- vesicles are made up of fats

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23
Q

Cell organelles

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Cytoskeletons, Cytoplasm, Centrioles, Ribosomes

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24
Q

Nucleus

A

largest organelle; contains DNA

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25
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • site of ATP synthesis
26
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis
- earlier stated that there are 2 types: free ribosomes, and membrane-bound ribosomes (on rough ER)

27
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • (rough ER) ER embedded with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis
28
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • (smooth ER) organelle that is the site of lipid synthesis and stores calcium
  • Lipid synthesis - the process of making fats
29
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • modifies and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER
30
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • in charge of waste (garbage) disposal in the cell (contains digestive enzymes)
31
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • detoxifies the cell using enzymes like catalase (converts toxins into hydrogen peroxide) and urate oxidase (converts H2O2 into drinkable water)
32
Q

Cytoskeletons

A
  • has three types: microfilaments, Microtubules, intermediate filaments
33
Q

microfilaments

A
  • help with cellular contractions and cell movement
34
Q

Microtubules

A
  • helps move things around the inside of the cell
  • example: Spindle fibers (during mitosis aka cell division)
35
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • tough insoluble, ropelike protein fibers that keeps things together
36
Q

Cytoplasm

A

liquid background of the cell

37
Q

Centrioles

A

Forms microtubules and mitotic spindles during cell division

38
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • made up of phospholipids
  • Plasma membrane is selectively permeable which means it allows certain molecules to cross
39
Q

Why are proteins imbedded on the cell membrane?

A

for things like membrane transport

40
Q

2 types of Plasma membrane transport

A

Passive transport and active transport

41
Q

Passive membrane transport

A
  • requires no energy, high to low concentration
  • three types: Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, and Osmosis
42
Q

Simple diffusion

A
  • movement of the solute from high to low concentration
  • 3 things that obey simple diffusion: Oxygen, CO2, and lipids
43
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • has protein carrier/channels that help allow things to go through the cell membrane (diffusion with help)
  • Sugars, proteins, and ions need facilitated diffusion because they are too big
44
Q

Osmosis

A
  • movement water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration
  • Examples with red blood cells: Isotonic solution, Hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution (example involves something called tonicity)
45
Q

Tonicity

A
  • it is ability of solution to change shape or tone of cells by altering it’s internal water volume
46
Q

Isotonic Solutions and Red blood cells

A
  • nothing happens to RBC bc it had the same concentration as inside the cell (remains unchanged)
47
Q

Hypertonic solution and red blood cells

A
  • has higher concentration outside the cell and so water flows out of the cell (cell deflate/shrinks/shrivels)
48
Q

Hypotonic solution and red blood cells

A
  • has lower concentration outside of the cell, so water flows inside of the cell (cell swells/bloated and the bursts or is lysed)
49
Q

Lysing

A
  • is when a cell bursts due to absorbing too much water
50
Q

Active transport

A
  • requires energy (ATP is an energy source), low to high concentration (pushing against concentration gradient)
  • example: sodium potassium pump, Vesicular (Bulk) transport
51
Q

Vesicular (Bulk) transport has two types

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

52
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • take something from outside and merge with the cell membrane (engulfs it) to bring it inside
  • Phagocytosis
53
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • cell literally engulfs (eat) something
  • Example is white blood cells
54
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • wrapping something in vesicles (in Golgi apparatus) and transporting it out of the cell
55
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Cell division
  • taking a cell with 46 chromosomes (23 x 2) and splitting it into two thus creating an exact replica (daughter cells)
  • made up of 4 (technically 5) stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (, and cytokinesis)
56
Q

Prophase

A

-condensing of DNA into chromosomes (sister chromatids), and mitotic spindles are formed (med in centrioles with microtubules)
- sister chromatids - duplicated chromosomes held together by centromere

57
Q

Metaphase

A

lining up chromosomes in the middle of the cell (metaphase plate)

58
Q

Anaphase

A

split chromosomes away to the opposite poles of the cell using spindle fibers

59
Q

Telophase

A

(opposite of prophase)
- un-condensing of DNA, spindle fibers disappear

60
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cell forms cleavage furrow and is finally pinched apart resulting in two daughter cells

Bio 243 (8 decks)

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