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Bio 243 > Chapter 3: Cells - The Living Units > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells - The Living Units Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid
hold the genetic blueprint for making all proteins
- double helix (double-stranded helical molecule) that is located in cell nucleus
double helix is made up of sugar, phosphate back bone
- contains deoxyribose sugar
CBP: A - T, C - G

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2
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid
- it is what copies the DNA in nucleus and is used to further turn DNA into proteins in ribosomes
Differences with DNA:
- single-stranded molecule (mostly active outside nucleus)
- contains ribose sugar (not deoxyribose)
- replaces Thymine with Uracil in CBP
CBP: A - U, C -G
has three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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3
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA
contains codon transcription from DNA

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4
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
- is in the ribosomes

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5
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA
- contains anticodons that complements the codons from mRNA

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6
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

aka CBP (only for me)
- directs transfer of genetic info in DNA into amino acid sequence of proteins
- A, T, C, G, U
DNA CBP: A - T, C - G
RNA CBP: A - U, C - G

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7
Q

Adenine

A

A in complementary base pairing
- complements T in DNA
- complements U in RNA

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8
Q

Thymine

A

T in complementary base pairing
- complements A in DNA

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9
Q

Uracil

A

U in complementary base pairing
- complements A in RNA

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10
Q

Cytosine

A

C in complementary base pairing
- complements G in both DNA and RNA

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11
Q

Guanine

A

G in complementary base pairing
- complements C in both DNA and RNA

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12
Q

2 types of ribosomes both are involved in protein synthesis

A

free ribosomes, and ribosomes embedded on the Rough ER

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13
Q

If proteins were made in rough ER ribosomes they….

A

will eventually leave the cell

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14
Q

If proteins is made in free ribosomes they….

A

are going to stay in the cell

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15
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

process of turning DNA into proteins
(the making of proteins)

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16
Q

What are the two main parts of Protein Synthesis

A

Transcription and Translation

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17
Q

Transcription

A

basically DNA to mRNA
- happens in the nucleus
- DNA double helix is unwound into complementary mRNA single strand codons
(using CBP: A - U, C - G)

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18
Q

where does the mRNA codon go after Transcription?

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into a ribosome for the next step; Translation

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19
Q

Translation

A

basically mRNA + tRNA = Proteins
- happens in a ribosome
- mRNA codons (3 letters) is complementary base paired with tRNA anticodons
(complementary to 3 letters) to ensure correct amino acid sequence of proteins

  • Every 3 letters of mRNA transcript represents a codon which represents an amino acid
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20
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

amino acid sequence chain (3 sets of complementary base paired letters)
or
Polypeptides

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21
Q

If proteins were made in rough ER what happens next?

A

They will go to the Golgi apparatus to be packaged/wrapped in a vesicle so it can leave the cell via exocytosis

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22
Q

Why does proteins (made from rough ER) have to be packaged/wrapped in a vesicle?

A

without it proteins being packaged/wrapped it will not be able to leave the cell because it is not a fat like lipids
- vesicles are made up of fats

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23
Q

Cell organelles

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Nucleus, Plasma membrane, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Cytoskeletons, Cytoplasm, Centrioles, Ribosomes

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24
Q

Nucleus

A

largest organelle; contains DNA

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25
Mitochondria
- site of ATP synthesis
26
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis - earlier stated that there are 2 types: free ribosomes, and membrane-bound ribosomes (on rough ER)
27
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- (rough ER) ER embedded with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis
28
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- (smooth ER) organelle that is the site of lipid synthesis and stores calcium - Lipid synthesis - the process of making fats
29
Golgi apparatus
- modifies and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER
30
Lysosomes
- in charge of waste (garbage) disposal in the cell (contains digestive enzymes)
31
Peroxisomes
- detoxifies the cell using enzymes like catalase (converts toxins into hydrogen peroxide) and urate oxidase (converts H2O2 into drinkable water)
32
Cytoskeletons
- has three types: microfilaments, Microtubules, intermediate filaments
33
microfilaments
- help with cellular contractions and cell movement
34
Microtubules
- helps move things around the inside of the cell - example: Spindle fibers (during mitosis aka cell division)
35
intermediate filaments
- tough insoluble, ropelike protein fibers that keeps things together
36
Cytoplasm
liquid background of the cell
37
Centrioles
Forms microtubules and mitotic spindles during cell division
38
Cell membrane
- made up of phospholipids - Plasma membrane is selectively permeable which means it allows certain molecules to cross
39
Why are proteins imbedded on the cell membrane?
for things like membrane transport
40
2 types of Plasma membrane transport
Passive transport and active transport
41
Passive membrane transport
- requires no energy, high to low concentration - three types: Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, and Osmosis
42
Simple diffusion
- movement of the solute from high to low concentration - 3 things that obey simple diffusion: Oxygen, CO2, and lipids
43
Facilitated diffusion
- has protein carrier/channels that help allow things to go through the cell membrane (diffusion with help) - Sugars, proteins, and ions need facilitated diffusion because they are too big
44
Osmosis
- movement water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration - Examples with red blood cells: Isotonic solution, Hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution (example involves something called tonicity)
45
Tonicity
- it is ability of solution to change shape or tone of cells by altering it's internal water volume
46
Isotonic Solutions and Red blood cells
- nothing happens to RBC bc it had the same concentration as inside the cell (remains unchanged)
47
Hypertonic solution and red blood cells
- has higher concentration outside the cell and so water flows out of the cell (cell deflate/shrinks/shrivels)
48
Hypotonic solution and red blood cells
- has lower concentration outside of the cell, so water flows inside of the cell (cell swells/bloated and the bursts or is lysed)
49
Lysing
- is when a cell bursts due to absorbing too much water
50
Active transport
- requires energy (ATP is an energy source), low to high concentration (pushing against concentration gradient) - example: sodium potassium pump, Vesicular (Bulk) transport
51
Vesicular (Bulk) transport has two types
endocytosis and exocytosis
52
Endocytosis
- take something from outside and merge with the cell membrane (engulfs it) to bring it inside - Phagocytosis
53
Phagocytosis
- cell literally engulfs (eat) something - Example is white blood cells
54
Exocytosis
- wrapping something in vesicles (in Golgi apparatus) and transporting it out of the cell
55
Mitosis
- Cell division - taking a cell with 46 chromosomes (23 x 2) and splitting it into two thus creating an exact replica (daughter cells) - made up of 4 (technically 5) stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (, and cytokinesis)
56
Prophase
-condensing of DNA into chromosomes (sister chromatids), and mitotic spindles are formed (med in centrioles with microtubules) - sister chromatids - duplicated chromosomes held together by centromere
57
Metaphase
lining up chromosomes in the middle of the cell (metaphase plate)
58
Anaphase
split chromosomes away to the opposite poles of the cell using spindle fibers
59
Telophase
(opposite of prophase) - un-condensing of DNA, spindle fibers disappear
60
Cytokinesis
cell forms cleavage furrow and is finally pinched apart resulting in two daughter cells

Bio 243 (8 decks)

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