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Bio 243 > Chapter 4: Tissue - The living Fabric > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissue - The living Fabric Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells with similar structures and related functions.

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2
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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3
Q

Four basic tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous tissue

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4
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

epithelium
- is a sheet of cells that covers the body surface or cavities
* skin**

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5
Q

two main forms of epithelial tissue

A
  • Covering and lining epithelia
  • Granular epithelia
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6
Q

Covering and lining epithelia

A

on external and internal surfaces
Skin

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7
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

secretory tissue in glands
oil and sweat

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8
Q

5 special characteristics of epithelial tissues

A
  • Polarity, Specialized contacts, Supported by connective tissues, Avascular but innervated, Regeneration
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9
Q

Polarity of the epithelial tissue

A

cells have polarity(top and bottom)
- two types: apical and basal surface

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10
Q

Apical surface

A

upper side (top)
-exposed to surface or cavity

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11
Q

Basal surface

A

lower side (bottom)
- faces inward toward body

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12
Q

Specialized Contacts (epithelial tissue)

A

epithelial tissues need to fit closely together

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13
Q

Supported by connective tissues (epithelial tissue)

A

all epithelial sheets are supported by connective tissue

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14
Q

melanoma

A

is the most aggressive form of skin cancer because cancerous epithelial cells cannot be contained and they penetrate the boundary and invade underlying tissues, resulting in the spread of cancer

-starts with moles

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15
Q

Avascular but innervated (epithelial tissues)

A

no blood vessels are found in epithelial tissue = no blood supply
*epithelia is supplied by nerve fibers

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16
Q

Regeneration (epithelial tissues)

A

epithelial cells have high regenerative capacities
(regens very fast and really well)

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17
Q

classification of epithelia

A

classified by two names
- the first name indicates # of cell layers
- second name indicates shape of cells

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18
Q

epithelia two types of layers (first name for classification)

A

Simple epithelia
Stratified epithelia

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19
Q

simple epithelia

A

one layer thick

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20
Q

stratified epithelia

A

two or more layers thick
(involved in protection, ex: skin)

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21
Q

epithelia types of cell shapes (second name for classification)

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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22
Q

Squamous

A

flattened and scale-like
flat

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23
Q

Cuboidal

A

box-like, cube

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24
Q

Columnar

A

tall, column-like

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25
Q

Simple epithelia

A

involved in absorption, secretion, or filtration processes

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26
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A
  • 1 layer of flat cells
  • rapid diffusion
  • located in lungs and blood vessels
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27
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • one layer of box cells
  • involved in ***secretion
  • located in glands and ducts (sweat glands, etc.)
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28
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

parallel rows of tall cells
- involved in absorption
- found in intestines (small)

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29
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • looks multilayered (but isn’t - pseudo means false)
  • cells with different heights (cells are ciliated)
  • involved in movement of mucus via ciliary sweeping action
  • located mostly in lower respiratory tract
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30
Q

Stratified epithelial tissues

A
  • multilayered
  • new cells generate from below (basal cells divide and move towards the surface)
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31
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • multiplayers of squashed cells
  • located in areas of wear and tear (epidermis of skin)
  • keratinized cells, non-keratinized cells
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32
Q

keratinized cells

A

found in skin

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33
Q

non-keratinized cells

A

moist linings/tissue

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34
Q

Transitional epithelium

A
  • found in the bladder, ureters, and urethra
  • cells change shape and is stretched (like when bladder is full it stretches and changes the shape of the cells)
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35
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

glands
classified by: Endocrine, Exocrine

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36
Q

Gland (glandular epithelia)

A
  • one or more cells that makes/secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion
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37
Q

Endocrine

A

internally secreting (ex: hormones)
-secretes directly into blood
- ductless

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38
Q

Exocrine

A

externally secreting (ex: sweat)
-has ducts
-there’s more of this in the body (sweat glands.. etc.)

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39
Q

Types of exocrine glands

A
  • merocrine (aka eccrine)
  • holocrine
  • apocrine
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40
Q

Merocrine

A

aka eccrine
- type of exocrine glands
- sweat glands

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41
Q

Holocrine

A
  • oil glands
  • sebaceous glands (same thing as oil glands, sebum means oil)
42
Q

Apocrine

A
  • armpit and and groin glands
43
Q

Connective Tissue

A

most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues

44
Q

Four main classes of Connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
45
Q

Common characteristics of connective tissues

A
  • common embryonic origin
  • varying degrees of vascularity (blood supply)
  • extracellular matrix
46
Q

all connective tissues have three main elements

A
  • ground substance
  • fibers
  • cells
47
Q

extracellular matrix

A

ground substance and fibers

48
Q

Ground Substance

A
  • aka interstitial fluid
  • fluid in between ce
49
Q

ground substance components

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • proteoglycans (sugar protein molecule)
50
Q

three types of Fibers

A
  • collagen
  • elastic fibers
    -reticular
51
Q

collagen

A

-strongest and most abundant type
- tough and provides high tensile strength

*** where you get strength from **

52
Q

Elastic fibers

A
  • gives you recoil
53
Q

cells

A
  • Blast and cyte cells
54
Q

Blast cells

A
  • makes/ builds something
  • ex: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts
55
Q

fibroblasts

A
  • making fibers (connective tissue proper)
56
Q

chondroblasts

A

makes cartilage

57
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone building cells

58
Q

Cyte cells

A
  • mature adult cells
59
Q

far cells

A

***in adipose tissue
- store nutrients

60
Q

White blood cells

A
  • tissue response to injury
61
Q

connective tissue proper

A

consists of all connective tissues except bone cartilage, and blood

62
Q

two subclasses of CT proper

A
  • CT proper: loose connective tissues
  • CT proper: dense connective tissues
63
Q

CT proper: 3 loose connective tissues

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
64
Q

CT proper: 3 dense connective tissue

A
  • dense regular
  • dense irregular
  • elastic
65
Q

areolar

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • in the dermis of skin (2nd layer under epidermis), under the epithelium/epidermis
  • lots of collagen
  • acts as water reservoir
66
Q

Adipose

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • fats
  • White fat: very vascular; acts as insulation, energy storage, and shock absorption
  • brown fat: keeps babies warm (so mostly in babies)
    (every organ in the body is wrapped in fat)
    * in subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer*
67
Q

white fat

A

adipocytes
- richly vascularized
- shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage

68
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

* lymphatic system*

69
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A
  • very high tensile strength
  • poorly vascularized
  • has a lot of thick collagen fibers
  • ex: tendons and ligaments
70
Q

tendons connects

A

muscle to bone

71
Q

ligaments connects

A

bone to bone

72
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • thick density irregular collagen (no pattern)
  • found in the dermis (reticular layer), fibrous joint capsules, fibrous coverings of some organs
73
Q

Dense Elastic connective tissue

A
  • some are very elastic
  • also found in walls of many large arteries
    (densely packed and elastic)
74
Q

Cartilage

A
  • chondro (?)
  • 80% water, with packed collagen fibers, and sugar proteins
  • avascular
75
Q

Avascular

A

receives nutrients from the membrane surrounding it

76
Q

types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
    -fibrocartilage
77
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant, tips of long bones

78
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • external ears
79
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • nice and strong
  • located in the knee
80
Q

Avascular cartilage

A

when we age it loses the ability to divide thus injuries heal slowly
- common in people with sports injuries
- meniscus of the knee, labrum of shoulder/hop, disc of spine

81
Q

Bone

A
  • has more collagen compared to cartilage
  • has inorganic calcium salts (hydroxy)
  • richly vascularized
82
Q

Blood

A
  • IS A TISSUE
  • atypical connective tissue bc it is a fluid
  • red blood cells are the most common cell type
  • contains white blood cells and platelets
  • function: transport
83
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • highly vascularized (heals well)
  • responsible for movement
84
Q

three types of muscle tissues

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle (involuntary)
85
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • attached and causes movement of bones
  • voluntary muscle
  • muscle fibers
86
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • found only in walls of the heart
  • involuntary muscle
  • cells have many branches
87
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A
  • in hollow organs (GI, blood vessels, bronchi)
  • involuntary muscle
88
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • the main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
89
Q

two specialized cells of the nervous tissue

A
  • neurons
  • glial cells
90
Q

Three types of lining membranes

A
  • cutaneous membranes (skin)
  • mucous membranes
  • serous membranes
91
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin

92
Q

mucous membranes

A
  • mucosae
  • moist lining bathe by secretions
  • digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts
93
Q

tissue repair (inflammation)

A

immunovascular response to injury
(healing takes place bc of inflammation)

94
Q

Regeneration

A

same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, so original function is restored

95
Q

Fibrosis

A

connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, and original function lost

96
Q

Steps in tissue repair

A
  1. inflammation sets the stage
  2. organization restores blood supply
  3. Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repairs
97
Q

Inflammation sets stahe

A

step 1 in tissue repair
- inflammatory chemicals
- dilation of blood vessels

98
Q

Organization restores blood supply

A

step 2 in tissue repair
- fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge gap until regeneration

99
Q

Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair

A
  • the scab detaches
  • fibrous tissue matures
  • epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue
100
Q

tissues with great regenerative capabilties

A
  • epithelial tissues
  • bone
  • areolar connective tissue
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • blood-forming tissue
101
Q

Tissues with moderate regenerative capabilities

A
  • smooth muscle, and dense regular connective tissue
102
Q

Tissues with poor and no regenerative capabilities

A

almost doesn’t heal
- cardiac muscle, nervous tissue of the brain, and spinal cord

Bio 243 (8 decks)

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