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Bio 243 > Chapter 1: The Human Body - An Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Body - An Orientation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

standard anatomical position

A

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body

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2
Q

superior

A

above

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3
Q

inferior

A

below

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4
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

front

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5
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

behind

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6
Q

medial

A

inner side (to remember inner thigh)

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7
Q

Lateral

A

outer side

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8
Q

intermediate

A

between medial and lateral (ex collarbone which is in the middle of breastbone and shoulder)

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9
Q

Proximal

A

closer to body (remember: proximity)

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10
Q

distal

A

away from the body

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11
Q

superficial

A

toward the surface (basically mababaw)

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12
Q

Deep

A

more internal (malalim)

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13
Q

two major divisions of the body

A

Axial, Appendicular

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14
Q

Axial division

A

head neck and trunk

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15
Q

Appendicular division

A

arms and legs (limbs)

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16
Q

divides body into left and right parts

A

Sagittal plane

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17
Q

divides body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

A

Frontal (coronal) plane

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18
Q

divides body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)

A

Transverse (horizontal) plane

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19
Q

Two sets of body cavities

A

Dorsal and Ventral body cavity

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20
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

protects nervous system
contains the cranial and vertebral body cavity

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21
Q

Cranial cavity

A

encases brain

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22
Q

Vertebral cavity

A

encases spinal cord

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23
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

houses internal organs (viscera)
- thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity separated by diaphragm

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24
Q

thoracic cavity

A

Pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity

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25
Q

pleural cavity

A

contains a lung in each cavity

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26
Q

mediastinum

A

contains the pericardial cavity and other thoracic organs such as the esophagus, trachea, etc.

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27
Q

pericardial cavity

A

encloses the heart

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28
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

contains abdominal and pelvic cavity

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29
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

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30
Q

pelvic cavity

A

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

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31
Q

Membrane in ventral body cavity

A

serosa

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32
Q

serosa (serous membrane)

A

thin double layer membrane covers the ventral body cavity: parietal serosa, visceral serosa
* double layers separated by slit like cavity filled with serous fluid

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33
Q

parietal serosa

A

lines internal cavity walls

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34
Q

visceral serosa

A

covers internal organs (viscera)

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35
Q

4 quarters that divide the abdominopelvic regions

A

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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36
Q

9 divisions of the abdominopelvic regions

A
  1. Right hypochondriac region
  2. epigastric region
  3. left hypochondriac region
  4. right lumbar region
  5. umbilical region
  6. left lumber region
  7. right iliac (inguinal) region
  8. hypogastric region
  9. left iliac (inguinal) region
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37
Q
  1. right hypochondriac region
A

contains liver, right kidney, gallbladder, large/small intestine

38
Q
  1. epigastric region
A

contains liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, duodenum, adrenal glands

39
Q
  1. left hypochondriac region
A

liver’s tips, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, large/small intestines

40
Q
  1. right lumbar region
A

contains the ascending colon, small intestine, and right kidney

41
Q
  1. umbilical region
A

contains duodenum, small intestine, and transverse colon

42
Q
  1. left lumbar region
A

contains descending colon, small intestine, and left kidney

43
Q
  1. Right Iliac region
A

appendix, cecum, ascending colon, small intestine

44
Q
  1. hypogastric region
A

bladder, sigmoid colon, small intestine, and reproductive organs

45
Q
  1. left Iliac region
A

sigmoid colon, descending colon and small intestine

46
Q

other body cavities include

A

oral and digestive, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities

47
Q

anatomy

A

structure and parts and what they do with each other

48
Q

physiology

A

what body parts do and how they work/do it (function)

49
Q

gross/macroscopic

A

large structures not needing microscope to see

50
Q

regional anatomy

A

structures in a region

51
Q

system anatomy

A

one system

52
Q

surface anatomy

A

deals with internal structures and how they relate to overlying skin

53
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

too small to be seen with a naked eye

54
Q

cytology

A

microscopic study of cells

55
Q

histology

A

microscopic study of tissues

56
Q

developmental anatomy

A

anatomical and physiological development throughout life

57
Q

embryology

A

study of developments before birth

58
Q

subdivisions of physiology

A

based on organ systems, focuses on cellular and molecular levels of body, this includes chemical reactions of individual cells

59
Q

principle of complementarity of structure and function

A

Anatomy and physiology are inseperable
function is determined by structure, what a structure can do is based on it’s specific form

60
Q

structural organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, and organ, organ system, organismal level

61
Q

requirements for life

A

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

62
Q

maintaining boundaries

A

separating internal structures from its environment (cell membrane, skin)

63
Q

movement

A

be able to move in general, and contractility

64
Q

contractility

A

movement at a cellular level

65
Q

responsiveness

A

ability to sense and response to stimuli

66
Q

Digestion

A

breakdown of food, and absorption of nutrients

67
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that happen body cells
catabolism, anabolism

68
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of molecules

69
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of molecules

70
Q

excretion

A

get rid of wastes in the body from digestion and metabolism

71
Q

Reproduction

A

cellular level: cells be able to go through division, for growth and repair
organismal level: producing more offspring

72
Q

growth

A

increase in size of a body part or of organism

73
Q

survival needs of humans

A

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, appropriate atmospheric pressure

74
Q

nutrients

A

chemical for energy and cell building
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins

75
Q

carbohydrates

A

major source of energy

76
Q

proteins

A

needed for cell building and cell chemistry

77
Q

fats

A

long-term energy storage

78
Q

minerals and vitamins

A

involved in chemical reactions as well as structural purposes

79
Q

oxygen

A

essential for releasing energy from foods

80
Q

water

A

most abundant chemical in the body

81
Q

normal body temp

A

if body temp is too high or below 37*C, rates of chemical reactions are affected

82
Q

appropriate atmospheric pressure

A

specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

83
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining stable internal conditions despite environments changing,
body must be in an equilibrium state

84
Q

what are the three homeostatic variables?

A

receptor, control center, effector

85
Q

receptor

A

aka sensor, senses stimuli and sends signal to control center

86
Q

control center

A

determines set point at which variable is maintained
receives input from receptor determines appropriate response, and sends it to effector

87
Q

effector

A

receives output from control center, provides means to respond to stimuli via
* negative feedback
* positive feedback

88
Q

negative feedback

A

reducing or completely shutting off stimuli
ex: regulation of body temp (nervous system)
regulation of blood sugar via insulin

89
Q

positive feedback

A

enhances or exaggerates stimulus
ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
platelet plug formation and blood clotting

90
Q

disturbances of homeostasis can

A

increases risk of disease, contribute to changes associated with aging ect.

Bio 243 (8 decks)

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