Chapter 1: The Human Body - An Orientation Flashcards
standard anatomical position
body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body
superior
above
inferior
below
anterior (ventral)
front
Posterior (dorsal)
behind
medial
inner side (to remember inner thigh)
Lateral
outer side
intermediate
between medial and lateral (ex collarbone which is in the middle of breastbone and shoulder)
Proximal
closer to body (remember: proximity)
distal
away from the body
superficial
toward the surface (basically mababaw)
Deep
more internal (malalim)
two major divisions of the body
Axial, Appendicular
Axial division
head neck and trunk
Appendicular division
arms and legs (limbs)
divides body into left and right parts
Sagittal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)
Frontal (coronal) plane
divides body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Two sets of body cavities
Dorsal and Ventral body cavity
Dorsal body cavity
protects nervous system
contains the cranial and vertebral body cavity
Cranial cavity
encases brain
Vertebral cavity
encases spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
houses internal organs (viscera)
- thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity separated by diaphragm
thoracic cavity
Pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
pleural cavity
contains a lung in each cavity
mediastinum
contains the pericardial cavity and other thoracic organs such as the esophagus, trachea, etc.
pericardial cavity
encloses the heart
abdominopelvic cavity
contains abdominal and pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Membrane in ventral body cavity
serosa
serosa (serous membrane)
thin double layer membrane covers the ventral body cavity: parietal serosa, visceral serosa
* double layers separated by slit like cavity filled with serous fluid
parietal serosa
lines internal cavity walls
visceral serosa
covers internal organs (viscera)
4 quarters that divide the abdominopelvic regions
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
9 divisions of the abdominopelvic regions
- Right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
- left lumber region
- right iliac (inguinal) region
- hypogastric region
- left iliac (inguinal) region
- right hypochondriac region
contains liver, right kidney, gallbladder, large/small intestine
- epigastric region
contains liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, duodenum, adrenal glands
- left hypochondriac region
liver’s tips, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, large/small intestines
- right lumbar region
contains the ascending colon, small intestine, and right kidney
- umbilical region
contains duodenum, small intestine, and transverse colon
- left lumbar region
contains descending colon, small intestine, and left kidney
- Right Iliac region
appendix, cecum, ascending colon, small intestine
- hypogastric region
bladder, sigmoid colon, small intestine, and reproductive organs
- left Iliac region
sigmoid colon, descending colon and small intestine
other body cavities include
oral and digestive, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities
anatomy
structure and parts and what they do with each other
physiology
what body parts do and how they work/do it (function)
gross/macroscopic
large structures not needing microscope to see
regional anatomy
structures in a region
system anatomy
one system
surface anatomy
deals with internal structures and how they relate to overlying skin
microscopic anatomy
too small to be seen with a naked eye
cytology
microscopic study of cells
histology
microscopic study of tissues
developmental anatomy
anatomical and physiological development throughout life
embryology
study of developments before birth
subdivisions of physiology
based on organ systems, focuses on cellular and molecular levels of body, this includes chemical reactions of individual cells
principle of complementarity of structure and function
Anatomy and physiology are inseperable
function is determined by structure, what a structure can do is based on it’s specific form
structural organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, and organ, organ system, organismal level
requirements for life
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
maintaining boundaries
separating internal structures from its environment (cell membrane, skin)
movement
be able to move in general, and contractility
contractility
movement at a cellular level
responsiveness
ability to sense and response to stimuli
Digestion
breakdown of food, and absorption of nutrients
metabolism
all chemical reactions that happen body cells
catabolism, anabolism
catabolism
breakdown of molecules
anabolism
synthesis of molecules
excretion
get rid of wastes in the body from digestion and metabolism
Reproduction
cellular level: cells be able to go through division, for growth and repair
organismal level: producing more offspring
growth
increase in size of a body part or of organism
survival needs of humans
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, appropriate atmospheric pressure
nutrients
chemical for energy and cell building
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins
carbohydrates
major source of energy
proteins
needed for cell building and cell chemistry
fats
long-term energy storage
minerals and vitamins
involved in chemical reactions as well as structural purposes
oxygen
essential for releasing energy from foods
water
most abundant chemical in the body
normal body temp
if body temp is too high or below 37*C, rates of chemical reactions are affected
appropriate atmospheric pressure
specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
homeostasis
maintaining stable internal conditions despite environments changing,
body must be in an equilibrium state
what are the three homeostatic variables?
receptor, control center, effector
receptor
aka sensor, senses stimuli and sends signal to control center
control center
determines set point at which variable is maintained
receives input from receptor determines appropriate response, and sends it to effector
effector
receives output from control center, provides means to respond to stimuli via
* negative feedback
* positive feedback
negative feedback
reducing or completely shutting off stimuli
ex: regulation of body temp (nervous system)
regulation of blood sugar via insulin
positive feedback
enhances or exaggerates stimulus
ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
platelet plug formation and blood clotting
disturbances of homeostasis can
increases risk of disease, contribute to changes associated with aging ect.
