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Bio 243 > Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

we are made up of 4 atoms

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON)

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2
Q

subatomic particles

A

electrons, protons, neutrons

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3
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged
don’t have much mass
located in rings around an atom

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4
Q

protons

A

positively charged
determines atomic number

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5
Q

neutrons

A

no charge

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6
Q

which two subatomic particles are in the center of an atom and makes up the atomic mass

A

protons + neutrons

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7
Q

what is a structural variation of the same element and is formed
when the number of neutrons is altered?

A

isotopes

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8
Q

3 types of chemical bonding

A

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen

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9
Q

Ionic bonding

A

transferring electrons

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10
Q

covalent bonding

A

Sharing of electrons

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11
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

makes water liquid
not true bond, more of a weak magnetic attraction

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12
Q

synthesis

A

the building or combining to make more complex molecules

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13
Q

Decomposition

A

breaking down molecules to make smaller and simpler molecules or its constituent ions

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14
Q

cation

A

ion with positive charge

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15
Q

anion

A

ion with negative charge

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16
Q

Properties of water

A

High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning

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17
Q

what property of water says that water can prevent sudden temp change
(property of water)

A

high heat capacity

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18
Q

What is the property of water where high heat causes water loss through skin (cooling)
(property of water)

A

high heat of vaporization

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19
Q

property of water where water dissolves ions in solution
(property of water)

A

polar solvent properties

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20
Q

property of water involving dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

A

reactivity

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21
Q

property of water that provides protection for organs from trauma

A

cushioning

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22
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35 - 7.45
(below = acidic)
(above = alkaline)

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23
Q

buffers

A

resist abrupt and large swings in pH

24
Q

acids

A

donates protons

25
Q

bases

A

accepts protons

26
Q

macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

27
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugars, give short term energy, made out of saccharides
and contain C,H, and O

28
Q

Monosaccharides

A

a single sugar:
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

29
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 sugars:
Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

30
Q

type of sugar made out of glucose and fructose

A

sucrose

31
Q

type of sugar made out of glucose and galactose

A

Lactose

32
Q

sugar made of glucose and glucose

A

Maltose

33
Q

Polysaccharides

A

many sugars (polymers)
Glycogen, starch, cellulose

34
Q

Lipids

A

are Fats and contain C, H, O (less than carbs), and sometimes P, insoluble in water

Saturated and Unsaturated

35
Q

Fats

A

provide long term energy, insulation and protection

36
Q

some important types of lipids in the body

A

phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids

37
Q

type of lipid that makes up cell membrane
(has two fatty acid chains)

A

phospholipid

38
Q

type of lipid that is a storage molecule
(has three fatty acid chains)

A

triglycerides

39
Q

sex hormones that are fats like
estrogen and testosterone

A

Steroids

40
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

completely saturated with hydrogens (no double bonds)
* solid in room temperature*
animal fats, is bad for your heart

41
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Has double bonds
* liquid in room temperature*
oils (ex: avocado oil), usually good for the heart

42
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

are polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides
two major classes: DNA and RNA
ATP

43
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid
holds the genetic blueprint for protein synthesis
double helix made up of a sugar and phosphate backbone (located in nucleus)

44
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid
single-stranded contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and replaces Thymine with Uracil (complementary base pairing)

45
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate
made in the mitochondria
basically used as energy for chemical reactions in cells

46
Q

Proteins

A

animal and plant proteins are made up of 20 common amino acids
*** protein folding has 4 stages:
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

47
Q

Primary sequence

A

the sequence of amino acids
(important because if determines the resulting protein being folded)

48
Q

Secondary sequence

A

folds protein into two possible forms:
* alpha helix
* Beta pleated sheets

49
Q

alpha helix

A

looks like a DNA (helix = double-stranded)
Coils around so it resembles a spring

50
Q

beta pleated sheets

A

resemble accordion ribbons
(like pleated skirt patterns)

51
Q

Tertiary sequence

A

taking alpha helix/beta pleated sheets and joining them together into a polypeptide (happens usually in hydrogen/sulfide bonds)

52
Q

Quaternary sequence

A

four different polypeptides chains
(one of the most important example of this is a protein called hemoglobin)

53
Q

Denaturing proteins

A

It is a bad thing, we do not want this to happen
- it is when proteins unfold and lose their 3D shapes and this is caused by decreased pH or High temperatures
- this kills cells

54
Q

Enzymes

A

globular proteins that act as biological CATALYSTS

55
Q

Catalysts

A

speeds up chemical reactions

56
Q

Characteristics of enzymes

A
  • require Cofactors, or Coenzymes to function
  • they are very specific and only act on specific substrates

Bio 243 (8 decks)

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