Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Flashcards
we are made up of 4 atoms
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON)
subatomic particles
electrons, protons, neutrons
electrons
negatively charged
don’t have much mass
located in rings around an atom
protons
positively charged
determines atomic number
neutrons
no charge
which two subatomic particles are in the center of an atom and makes up the atomic mass
protons + neutrons
what is a structural variation of the same element and is formed
when the number of neutrons is altered?
isotopes
3 types of chemical bonding
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen
Ionic bonding
transferring electrons
covalent bonding
Sharing of electrons
hydrogen bonding
makes water liquid
not true bond, more of a weak magnetic attraction
synthesis
the building or combining to make more complex molecules
Decomposition
breaking down molecules to make smaller and simpler molecules or its constituent ions
cation
ion with positive charge
anion
ion with negative charge
Properties of water
High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning
what property of water says that water can prevent sudden temp change
(property of water)
high heat capacity
What is the property of water where high heat causes water loss through skin (cooling)
(property of water)
high heat of vaporization
property of water where water dissolves ions in solution
(property of water)
polar solvent properties
property of water involving dehydration and hydrolysis reactions
reactivity
property of water that provides protection for organs from trauma
cushioning
pH of blood
7.35 - 7.45
(below = acidic)
(above = alkaline)
buffers
resist abrupt and large swings in pH
acids
donates protons
bases
accepts protons
macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
sugars, give short term energy, made out of saccharides
and contain C,H, and O
Monosaccharides
a single sugar:
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
Disaccharides
2 sugars:
Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
type of sugar made out of glucose and fructose
sucrose
type of sugar made out of glucose and galactose
Lactose
sugar made of glucose and glucose
Maltose
Polysaccharides
many sugars (polymers)
Glycogen, starch, cellulose
Lipids
are Fats and contain C, H, O (less than carbs), and sometimes P, insoluble in water
Saturated and Unsaturated
Fats
provide long term energy, insulation and protection
some important types of lipids in the body
phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids
type of lipid that makes up cell membrane
(has two fatty acid chains)
phospholipid
type of lipid that is a storage molecule
(has three fatty acid chains)
triglycerides
sex hormones that are fats like
estrogen and testosterone
Steroids
Saturated fatty acids
completely saturated with hydrogens (no double bonds)
* solid in room temperature*
animal fats, is bad for your heart
Unsaturated fatty acids
Has double bonds
* liquid in room temperature*
oils (ex: avocado oil), usually good for the heart
Nucleic Acids
are polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides
two major classes: DNA and RNA
ATP
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
holds the genetic blueprint for protein synthesis
double helix made up of a sugar and phosphate backbone (located in nucleus)
RNA
ribonucleic acid
single-stranded contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and replaces Thymine with Uracil (complementary base pairing)
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
made in the mitochondria
basically used as energy for chemical reactions in cells
Proteins
animal and plant proteins are made up of 20 common amino acids
*** protein folding has 4 stages:
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
Primary sequence
the sequence of amino acids
(important because if determines the resulting protein being folded)
Secondary sequence
folds protein into two possible forms:
* alpha helix
* Beta pleated sheets
alpha helix
looks like a DNA (helix = double-stranded)
Coils around so it resembles a spring
beta pleated sheets
resemble accordion ribbons
(like pleated skirt patterns)
Tertiary sequence
taking alpha helix/beta pleated sheets and joining them together into a polypeptide (happens usually in hydrogen/sulfide bonds)
Quaternary sequence
four different polypeptides chains
(one of the most important example of this is a protein called hemoglobin)
Denaturing proteins
It is a bad thing, we do not want this to happen
- it is when proteins unfold and lose their 3D shapes and this is caused by decreased pH or High temperatures
- this kills cells
Enzymes
globular proteins that act as biological CATALYSTS
Catalysts
speeds up chemical reactions
Characteristics of enzymes
- require Cofactors, or Coenzymes to function
- they are very specific and only act on specific substrates
