Chapter 5: Human Movement Science Flashcards
The study of applying laws of mechanics and physics to determine how forces affect human movement and to better predict performance in athletic events.
Biomechanics
medial, lateral, contralateral, ipsilateral, anterior, posterior, proximal, distal, inferior, and superior are all what?
Anatomic Locations
Positioned above a point of reference
Superior
Positioned below a point of reference
Inferior
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference
Proximal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference
Distal
On the front of the body
Anterior (or ventral)
On the back of the body
Posterior
Positioned near the middle of the body
Medial
Positioned toward the outside of the body
Lateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Positioned on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
The position of the body erect with the arms and the sides and the palms forward.
Anatomic Position
The universal accepted method of describing human movements is in these 3 dimensions based on a system of planes and axes
Sagittal, frontal, and traverse planes
No motion occurs in just one plane but can be one plane dominant. Movement occurs on an axis running perpendicular to that plan, much like the axle a car wheel revolves around. This is known as ?
Join Motion
Divides the body into left and right halves
Motion - Flexion/extension
Axis - Coronal
Example - Biceps Curls, Triceps Pushdown, Squat, Calf raise, Running
Sagittal Plane
A bending movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments decreases.
Flexion
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments increases
Extension
Extension beyond the normal limit or range of motion
Hyperextension
Divides the body into front and back halves
Motion - Adduction/abduction, lateral flexion, Eversion/inversion
Axis - Anterior-Posterior
Example - Side lateral raise, Side Lunge, Side Shuffle
Frontal Plane
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Abduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body
Adduction
Divides the body into top and bottom halves
Motion - Internal and External Rotation, Left/right rotation, Horizontal adduction/abduction
Axis - Longitudinal
Example - Trunk rotation, Throwing, Golfing, Swinging a bat
Transverse Plane
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
Internal rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the body
External rotation
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
Horizontal adduction
Adduction of the Scapula; shoulders move toward the midline
Scapular retraction
Abuduction of the Scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline
Scapular Protraction
Downward motion of the scapula
Scapular Depression
Upward motion of the scapula
Scapular Elevation
The 5 Types of Muscle Actions:
Isotonic, Eccentric, Concentric, Isometric, Isokinetic
Muscle contraction where force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. 2 componenets involved an Eccentric phase and a Concentric Phase
Isotonic Movement
Occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening. Moving in the same direction as the resistance. DECELERATES FORCE
When you let your arms down for a bicep curl more relaxed
Eccentric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle. Moving in the opposite direction of force. Accelerates or produces force - ACCELERATES FORCE
When you pull your arms up for a bicep curl…holding force
Concentric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in muscle length
No visible movement with or against resistance. Dynamically stabilizes force STABILIZES
Isometric Muscle Action
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with force exerted.
Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology
Isokinetic muscle action
Defined as the interaction between 2 entities or bodies that result in either the acceleration or deceleration of an object
Force
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
Length-tension relationship
Refers to the relationship of muscle’s ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities
Force-velocity curve
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
Examples:
Trunk Rotation - Internal and External Obliques
Upward Rotation of Scapula - Upper trapezius and lower portion of the serratus anterior
Force-couple relationship
Movement of the bones around the joints
Rotary motion
A force that produces rotation.
Torque
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli
Motor behavior
How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor Control
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
Motor Learning
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
Motor development
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement
Common:
Squat - Quadriceps, hamstring complex, gluteus maximus
Shoulder Press - Deltoid, rotator cuff, trapezius
Muscle Synergies
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements
Proprioception
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
Sensorimotor integration
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
Feedback
The process by whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and environment
Internal Feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a health professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement internal environment
External Feedback
