Chapter 2: The basics of exercise science Flashcards
Made up of three primary systems. The skeletal system (bones and joints), the muscular system (ligaments, tendons, muscles, and fascia) and the nervous system (peripheral and central nerves).
The kinetic chain (human movement system)
One of the primary organ systems in the body. Is a combination of billions of cells that communicate with one another in a network within the body.
Nervous system
The ability of the nervous system to notice changes in their external or internal environment. This is one of the three main functions of the nervous system.
Sensory function
The ability that the nervous system has to interpret and analyze sensory information. This allows for adequate decision-making and producing the correct response.
Integrative function
This is the neuromuscular (Muscular and nervous system) response to sensory information.
Motor function
This is the cumulative sensory input to the CNS (Central nervous system) from all of the various mechanoreceptors that can sense limb movement and body position.
Proprioception
This is the functional unit of the nervous system.
Neuron
Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites such as muscles and organs via receptors to the brain and spinal cord. They respond to sound, light, and other stimuli and transfer nerve impulses from effector sites.
Sensory neurons (afferent)
These send nerve impulses between one another.
Interneurons
This is a type of nerve cell that sends impulses to glands, muscles and other effectors. Stimulates muscle contraction to initiate movement.
Motor neurons (efferent)
Made up of your brain and spinal cord.
Central nervous system
This branches out from your central nervous system to connect it with the rest of your body.
Peripheral nervous system
Specialized receptors that respond to mechanical pressure within tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves.
Mechanoreceptors
These are sensory receptors that sit parallel to muscular fibers. These special spindles are able to detect the length of a muscle and how fast it changes length.
Muscle spindles
This is another type of specialized sensory receptor. They are found where tendons attached to skeletal muscular fibers.
Golgi tendon organs
These receptors are located around the joint capsule. They respond to acceleration, deceleration, and pressure at the joint.
Joint receptors
This is the body’s framework that is comprised of joints and bones. It provides the focus and shapes for bodies.
Skeletal system
Provide protection for vital organs and a resting place for muscles.
Bones
These are the junctions for muscles, bones and connective tissues where movement occurs
Joints
The area of the skeletal system that contains the rib cage, skull, and vertebral column. It consists of 80 bones.
Axial skeleton
This is the area of the skeletal system that consists of the lower and upper extremities. It’s basically the legs, arms, appendage in appendicular. This contains 126 bones.
Appendicular skeleton
This is the process of formation and resorption of bone.
Remodeling
The cells that help remove bone tissue.
Osteoclasts
The cells that help create new bone tissue.
Osteoblasts
located at the end of long bones and a place that contains a large portion of red marrow involved in the production of red blood cells
Epiphysis
This is the long portion of the bone that is considered the shaft
Diaphysis
This is the area of the long bone that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
This is the dense and fibrous outer layer where muscles attach and a more delicate layer inside that can create bone.
Periosteum
This is the location where bone marrow is stored and where blood cell formation happens
Medullary Cavity
This is the inelastic, flexible yet firm type of connective tissue that is located at the end of bones at the joint
Articular Cartilage (Hyaline)
These are flat areas of a bone
Depressions
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.
Processes
Made up of 24 bones that create the spinal column. There are 5 lumbar, 12 thoracic and 7 cervical.
Vertebral column
This is the description of joint surfaces when bones are put through a range of motion.
Arthrokinematics
These are joined bones that have a fibrous joint capsule
Synovial joints
These are joints that are non-movable and exclude the joint cartilage, capsule, and ligaments
Non-synovial joints
This is what connects bones to other bones and helps joint support.
Ligaments
The full collection of all of the muscles in the human body.
Muscular system
This is the layer of muscular connective tissue on the outside.
Epimysium
This is the muscular connective tissue in the middle that encompasses the muscle fascicle.
Perimysium
The deepest layer of the muscular connective tissue that covers muscle fibers.
Endomysium
Connect skeletal muscles to the bone with a band of white, inelastic, dense and tough band of tissue.
Tendons
This is the functional unit of a muscle that produces contractions. It is comprised of actin and myosin. This is the repeating section of a muscle.
Sarcomere
This is the process of nervous system activation of a muscle fiber by the means of the neuromuscular junction.
Neural Activation
The motor neuron as well as all of the muscle fiber that it innervates.
Motor unit
These are small chemical messengers that are able to cross the neuromuscular synapse (junction) in order to transmit these and electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.
Neurotransmitters
These are also known as endurance fibers. They are smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense.
Type I (slow twitch) fibers
These do not have as much endurance, have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power and are larger than type I fibers.
Type II (fast twitch) fibers
These have a low oxidative capacity and or quick to fatigue.
Type IIx fibers
These have a higher oxidative capacity and will fatigue slower than type IIx. Another name for these is intermediate fast twitch muscle fibers.
Type IIa fibers
This is the prime mover
Agonist mover
This assists and helps the prime mover
Synergist mover
These help with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement
Stabilizer muscles
These muscles relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work.
Antagonist
