Chapter 2: The basics of exercise science

Question 1

Made up of three primary systems. The skeletal system (bones and joints), the muscular system (ligaments, tendons, muscles, and fascia) and the nervous system (peripheral and central nerves).

Answer 1

The kinetic chain (human movement system)

Question 2

One of the primary organ systems in the body. Is a combination of billions of cells that communicate with one another in a network within the body.

Answer 2

Nervous system

Question 3

The ability of the nervous system to notice changes in their external or internal environment. This is one of the three main functions of the nervous system.

Answer 3

Sensory function

Question 4

The ability that the nervous system has to interpret and analyze sensory information. This allows for adequate decision-making and producing the correct response.

Answer 4

Integrative function

Question 5

This is the neuromuscular (Muscular and nervous system) response to sensory information.

Answer 5

Motor function

Question 6

This is the cumulative sensory input to the CNS (Central nervous system) from all of the various mechanoreceptors that can sense limb movement and body position.

Answer 6

Proprioception

Question 7

This is the functional unit of the nervous system.

Answer 7

Neuron

Question 8

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites such as muscles and organs via receptors to the brain and spinal cord. They respond to sound, light, and other stimuli and transfer nerve impulses from effector sites.

Answer 8

Sensory neurons (afferent)

Question 9

These send nerve impulses between one another.

Answer 9

Interneurons

Question 10

This is a type of nerve cell that sends impulses to glands, muscles and other effectors. Stimulates muscle contraction to initiate movement.

Answer 10

Motor neurons (efferent)

Question 11

Made up of your brain and spinal cord.

Answer 11

Central nervous system

Question 12

This branches out from your central nervous system to connect it with the rest of your body.

Answer 12

Peripheral nervous system

Question 13

Specialized receptors that respond to mechanical pressure within tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves.

Answer 13

Mechanoreceptors

Question 14

These are sensory receptors that sit parallel to muscular fibers. These special spindles are able to detect the length of a muscle and how fast it changes length.

Answer 14

Muscle spindles

Question 15

This is another type of specialized sensory receptor. They are found where tendons attached to skeletal muscular fibers.

Answer 15

Golgi tendon organs

Question 16

These receptors are located around the joint capsule. They respond to acceleration, deceleration, and pressure at the joint.

Answer 16

Joint receptors

Question 17

This is the body’s framework that is comprised of joints and bones. It provides the focus and shapes for bodies.

Answer 17

Skeletal system

Question 18

Provide protection for vital organs and a resting place for muscles.

Answer 18

Bones

Question 19

These are the junctions for muscles, bones and connective tissues where movement occurs

Answer 19

Joints

Question 20

The area of the skeletal system that contains the rib cage, skull, and vertebral column. It consists of 80 bones.

Answer 20

Axial skeleton

Question 21

This is the area of the skeletal system that consists of the lower and upper extremities. It’s basically the legs, arms, appendage in appendicular. This contains 126 bones.

Answer 21

Appendicular skeleton

Question 22

This is the process of formation and resorption of bone.

Answer 22

Remodeling

Question 23

The cells that help remove bone tissue.

Answer 23

Osteoclasts

Question 24

The cells that help create new bone tissue.

Answer 24

Osteoblasts

Question 25

located at the end of long bones and a place that contains a large portion of red marrow involved in the production of red blood cells

Answer 25

Epiphysis

Question 26

This is the long portion of the bone that is considered the shaft

Answer 26

Diaphysis

Question 27

This is the area of the long bone that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis

Answer 27

Epiphyseal plate

Question 28

This is the dense and fibrous outer layer where muscles attach and a more delicate layer inside that can create bone.

Answer 28

Periosteum

Question 29

This is the location where bone marrow is stored and where blood cell formation happens

Answer 29

Medullary Cavity

Question 30

This is the inelastic, flexible yet firm type of connective tissue that is located at the end of bones at the joint

Answer 30

Articular Cartilage (Hyaline)

Question 31

These are flat areas of a bone

Answer 31

Depressions

Question 32

Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.

Answer 32

Processes

Question 33

Made up of 24 bones that create the spinal column. There are 5 lumbar, 12 thoracic and 7 cervical.

Answer 33

Vertebral column

Question 34

This is the description of joint surfaces when bones are put through a range of motion.

Answer 34

Arthrokinematics

Question 35

These are joined bones that have a fibrous joint capsule

Answer 35

Synovial joints

Question 36

These are joints that are non-movable and exclude the joint cartilage, capsule, and ligaments

Answer 36

Non-synovial joints

Question 37

This is what connects bones to other bones and helps joint support.

Answer 37

Ligaments

Question 38

The full collection of all of the muscles in the human body.

Answer 38

Muscular system

Question 39

This is the layer of muscular connective tissue on the outside.

Answer 39

Epimysium

Question 40

This is the muscular connective tissue in the middle that encompasses the muscle fascicle.

Answer 40

Perimysium

Question 41

The deepest layer of the muscular connective tissue that covers muscle fibers.

Answer 41

Endomysium

Question 42

Connect skeletal muscles to the bone with a band of white, inelastic, dense and tough band of tissue.

Answer 42

Tendons

Question 43

This is the functional unit of a muscle that produces contractions. It is comprised of actin and myosin. This is the repeating section of a muscle.

Answer 43

Sarcomere

Question 44

This is the process of nervous system activation of a muscle fiber by the means of the neuromuscular junction.

Answer 44

Neural Activation

Question 45

The motor neuron as well as all of the muscle fiber that it innervates.

Answer 45

Motor unit

Question 46

These are small chemical messengers that are able to cross the neuromuscular synapse (junction) in order to transmit these and electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

Answer 46

Neurotransmitters

Question 47

These are also known as endurance fibers. They are smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense.

Answer 47

Type I (slow twitch) fibers

Question 48

These do not have as much endurance, have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power and are larger than type I fibers.

Answer 48

Type II (fast twitch) fibers

Question 49

These have a low oxidative capacity and or quick to fatigue.

Answer 49

Type IIx fibers

Question 50

These have a higher oxidative capacity and will fatigue slower than type IIx. Another name for these is intermediate fast twitch muscle fibers.

Answer 50

Type IIa fibers

Question 51

This is the prime mover

Answer 51

Agonist mover

Question 52

This assists and helps the prime mover

Answer 52

Synergist mover

Question 53

These help with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement

Answer 53

Stabilizer muscles

Question 54

These muscles relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work.

Answer 54

Antagonist