Chapter 5: Human Movement Science Flashcards
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
Biomechanics
Positioned above a point of reference
Superior
Position below a point of reference
Inferior
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference
Proximal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference
Distal
On the front of the body
Anterior (or Ventral)
On the back of the body
Posterior (or Dorsal)
Positioned near the middle of the body
Medial
Positioned toward the outside of the body
Lateral
Positioned on the opposite of the body
Contralateral
Positioned on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
Position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward
Anatomic Position
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves
Sagittal Plane
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
Flexion
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
Extension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.
Hyperextension
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves
Frontal Plane
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Abduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body
Adduction
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
Transverse Plane
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
Internal Rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
External Rotation
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
Horizontal Abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
Horizontal Adduction
Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline
Scapular Retraction
Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline
Scapular Protraction
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula
Scapular Depression
Upward (superior) motion of the scapula
Scapular Elevation
An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
Eccentric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force greater that the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle
Concentric Muscle Action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length
Isometric Muscle Action
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
Isokinetic Muscle Action
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object
Force
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
Length-Tension Relationship
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
Force-Couple
Movement of the bones around the joints
Rotary Motion
A force that produces rotation. Unit=Newton-meter Nm
Torque
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
Motor Behavior
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
Motor Control
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
Motor Learning
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
Motor development
Groups of muscles that are recrutied by the CNS to provide movement
Muscle Synergies
The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movements
Proprioception
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting info and executing movement
Sensorimoto Integration
The use of sensory info and sensorimoto integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
Feedback
The process whereby sensory info is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
Internal feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment
External Feedback
Which Plane is being described: Side to side movements
Frontal
Plane? Exercises involving abduction and/or adduction of the limbs
Frontal
Which Plane? Examples: side lunge, lateral dumbbell raise, ice skater
Frontal
Which plane? Forward and backward movements.
Sagittal Plane
Which plane? Movements involving pushing and pulling
Sagittal
Which Plane? Movements involving flexion and/or extension at joints?
Sagittal
Which Plane? Examples : bicep curls, front lunge. bench press, rows
Sagittal
Which Plane? Rotation movements
Transverse
Which Plane? Diagonal movements
Transverse
Which Plane? Examples: Rotation, wood-chop throw, medicine ball rotation, chest press
Transverse
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Which muscle action?
Isotonic muscle action
Moving in the same direction as the resistance. Decelerates or reduces force?
Eccentric Muscle Action
Moving in opposite direction of force. Accelerates or produces force
Concentric
No visible movement with or against resistance. Dynamically stabilizes force
Isometric
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted. Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabs or exercise physiology laboratories
Isokinetic
