Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSY 333: Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 5: Hormones and the Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Hormones and the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

are chemicals secreted by cells in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets in other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

release hormones within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

use ducts to secrete fluids such as tears and sweat outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Endocrine

A

a hormone is released into the bloodstream to act on target tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Synaptic (Neuocrine)

A

chemical release and diffusion across a synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autocrine

A

released chemical acts on the releasing cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Paracrine

A

the released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pheromone

A

hormones used to communicate between individuals of the same species; pheromones are released into the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Allomones

A

allomones are chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neuroendocrine Cells

A

are neurons that release hormones into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neuropeptides (Peptides used by Neurons)

A

can act as neuromodulators and alter sensitivity to transmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A

can modify the reactivity of cells to specific transmitters, they act more slowly than neurotransmitters and have longer lasting effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chemical Structure of Hormones

A

Peptide, Amine, and Steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Peptide

A

short string of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Amine

A

modified amino acid (monoamine hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Steroid

A

four rings of carbon atoms (derivatives of cholesterol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hormones have two Main Modes of Action:

A
  • Protein and amine hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, which causes release of a second messenger, which brings about changes in cellular function
  • Steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Second Messengers:

A
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP)
  • Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP or cGMP)
  • Inositol triphosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Steroid Receptor Cofactors

A

may be necessary for the cell to respond to the steroid-receptor complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Receptor Isoforms

A

some steroids act on more than one receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nongenomic Effect

A

a rapid, brief effect involving neuronal membrane receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neurosteroids

A

steroids made in the brain, including testosterone and estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Aromatase

A

an enzyme, that can convert testosterone
into estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Negative Feedback

A

output feeds back and inhibits further secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Autocrine Feedback Loop
endocrine cells release a hormone whose presence feeds back on the endocrine cells to inhibit further secretion.
26
Target Cell Feedback
hormone acts on its target cells; the biological effect is detected by the endocrine gland and further release is inhibited
27
Tropic Hormones
the anterior pituitary gland releases this and affects other endocrine glands
28
Releasing Hormones
used by the hypothalamus to regulate the pituitary's release of tropic hormones
29
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
releases important hormones and has two main parts; Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis
30
Two parts of the Pituitary Gland:
Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis; which are separate in function
31
Pituitary Stalk (Infundibulum)
connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus; contains many axons that extend only to the posterior pituitary.
32
Oxytocin
involved in reproductive and parenting behavior, uterine contraction, and the milk letdown reflex.
33
Milk Letdown Reflex
a conditioned reflex that ejects milk from the alveoli through the ducts to the sinuses of the breasts and the nipple
34
Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) or Vasopressin or Antidiuretic or Andidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
increases blood pressure and inhibits urine formation
35
Median Eminence
axons from these cells converge on this which is above the pituitary stalk
36
Hypophyseal Portal System
releasing hormones are secreted into blood vessels which is called this and are carried to the anterior pituitary, which then releases tropic hormones
37
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
controls production and release of adrenal cortex steroid hormones
38
Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
increases thyroid hormone release
39
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
stimulates egg-containing follicles in ovaries or sperm production in males
40
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
stimulates follicles to form the corpora lutea in ovaries and testosterone production by the testes
41
Prolactin
stimulates lactation in females and is involved in parental behavior
42
Growth Hormone (GH) (Somatotrophin)
influences growth, mostly during sleep. The stomach hormone ghrelin also evokes GH release.
43
The Anterior Pituitary Releases Six Tropic Hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin, and Growth Hormone (GH).
44
Adrenal Glands
are located on top of each kidney and releases the amine hormones Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline); they are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
45
Adrenocorticoids
adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones
46
Glucocorticoids
are a subgroup involved with glucose metabolism
47
Cortisol
is a glucocorticoid stress hormone that increases blood glucose and breaks down protein
48
Mineralocorticoids
affect ion concentrations in tissues
49
Aldosterone
acts on the kidney to retain sodium
50
Androstenedione
a sex steroids that contribute to the adult pattern of body hair in men and women
51
Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
is secreted by the pituitary, its release is controlled by negative feedback from blood levels and by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus
52
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
master regulator of thyroid gland growth and function
53
Thyroid Hormones
thyroxine (tetraiothyronine) and triiodothyronine
54
Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH) causes the thyroid gland to produce:
Thyroid Hormones
55
Goiter
is a swelling of the thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency
56
Cretinism or Congenital Hypothyroidism
which is the result of early thyroid deficiency which is accompanied by intellectual disability
57
Pineal Gland
secretes an amine hormone, melatonin, almost exclusively at night. The pineal gland is innervates by the sympathetic nervous system
58
Melatonin
provides a signal that tracks a days length and the seasons and plays a role in biological rhythms made by the pineal gland; its an amine hormone
59
Gonads
ovaries and testes, produce sex steroids
60
Gonadotropin Releasing-Hormone (GnRH)
released by the hypothalamus which controls the gonadal hormone production; stimulates the anterior pituitary release FSH or LH
61
Kisspeptin
a hypothalamic peptide that stimulate Gonadotropin Releasing-Hormone (GnRH) neurons, involved in the onset of puberty
62
Gonadotropin-Inhibiting Hormone
is used by the hypothalamus to inhibit gonadotropic secretion
63
Testes
produce and secrete testosterone, one of many male hormones
64
Testosterone
is regulated by LH which is regulated by Gonadotropin Releasing- Hormone (GnRH)
65
Androgens
name for many male hormones such as testes and testosterone
66
Ovaries
produce hormones in cycles: such as progestins and estrogens such as 17β-estradiol
67
Oral Contraceptives
contain synthetic steroids that feed back on the hypothalamus and inhibit release of GnRH
68
Psychosocial Dwarfism
growth failure due to stress and neglect in early childhood: mediated through the CNS its control over endocrine functions - removal of the stress allows normal growth to resume
69
Communication Signals can be:
Neural to Neural, Neural to Endocrine, Endocrine to Endocrine, and Endocrine to Neural
70
Lipocalin 2
a peptide hormone that is secreted from bone cells with mice, can cross the blood-brain barrier and binds to cells in the hypothalamus - treating mice with is reduces their food intake

PSY 333: Behavioral Neuroscience (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions