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PSY 333: Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 5: Hormones and the Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Hormones and the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

are chemicals secreted by cells in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets in other parts of the body

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2
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

release hormones within the body

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3
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

use ducts to secrete fluids such as tears and sweat outside the body

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4
Q

Endocrine

A

a hormone is released into the bloodstream to act on target tissues

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5
Q

Synaptic (Neuocrine)

A

chemical release and diffusion across a synapse

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6
Q

Autocrine

A

released chemical acts on the releasing cell

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7
Q

Paracrine

A

the released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells

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8
Q

Pheromone

A

hormones used to communicate between individuals of the same species; pheromones are released into the environment.

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9
Q

Allomones

A

allomones are chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species

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10
Q

Neuroendocrine Cells

A

are neurons that release hormones into the blood

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11
Q

Neuropeptides (Peptides used by Neurons)

A

can act as neuromodulators and alter sensitivity to transmitters

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12
Q
A

can modify the reactivity of cells to specific transmitters, they act more slowly than neurotransmitters and have longer lasting effects.

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13
Q

Chemical Structure of Hormones

A

Peptide, Amine, and Steroid

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14
Q

Peptide

A

short string of amino acids

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15
Q

Amine

A

modified amino acid (monoamine hormone)

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16
Q

Steroid

A

four rings of carbon atoms (derivatives of cholesterol)

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17
Q

Hormones have two Main Modes of Action:

A
  • Protein and amine hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, which causes release of a second messenger, which brings about changes in cellular function
  • Steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell
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18
Q

Second Messengers:

A
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP)
  • Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP or cGMP)
  • Inositol triphosphate
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19
Q

Steroid Receptor Cofactors

A

may be necessary for the cell to respond to the steroid-receptor complexes

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20
Q

Receptor Isoforms

A

some steroids act on more than one receptor

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21
Q

Nongenomic Effect

A

a rapid, brief effect involving neuronal membrane receptors

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22
Q

Neurosteroids

A

steroids made in the brain, including testosterone and estrogens

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23
Q

Aromatase

A

an enzyme, that can convert testosterone
into estrogens

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24
Q

Negative Feedback

A

output feeds back and inhibits further secretion

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25
Q

Autocrine Feedback Loop

A

endocrine cells release a hormone whose presence feeds back on the endocrine cells to inhibit further secretion.

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26
Q

Target Cell Feedback

A

hormone acts on its target cells; the biological effect is detected by the endocrine gland and further release is inhibited

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27
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

the anterior pituitary gland releases this and affects other endocrine glands

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28
Q

Releasing Hormones

A

used by the hypothalamus to regulate the pituitary’s release of tropic hormones

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29
Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

A

releases important hormones and has two main parts; Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis

30
Q

Two parts of the Pituitary Gland:

A

Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis; which are separate in function

31
Q

Pituitary Stalk (Infundibulum)

A

connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus; contains many axons that extend only to the posterior pituitary.

32
Q

Oxytocin

A

involved in reproductive and parenting behavior, uterine contraction, and the milk letdown reflex.

33
Q

Milk Letdown Reflex

A

a conditioned reflex that ejects milk from the alveoli through the ducts to the sinuses of the breasts and the nipple

34
Q

Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) or Vasopressin or Antidiuretic or Andidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

increases blood pressure and inhibits urine formation

35
Q

Median Eminence

A

axons from these cells converge on this which is above the pituitary stalk

36
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

releasing hormones are secreted into blood vessels which is called this and are carried to the anterior pituitary, which then releases tropic hormones

37
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

controls production and release of adrenal cortex steroid hormones

38
Q

Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

increases thyroid hormone release

39
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates egg-containing follicles in ovaries or sperm production in males

40
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

stimulates follicles to form the corpora lutea in ovaries and testosterone production by the testes

41
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates lactation in females and is involved in parental behavior

42
Q

Growth Hormone (GH) (Somatotrophin)

A

influences growth, mostly during sleep. The stomach hormone ghrelin also evokes GH release.

43
Q

The Anterior Pituitary Releases Six Tropic Hormones:

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin, and Growth Hormone (GH).

44
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

are located on top of each kidney and releases the amine hormones Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline); they are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

45
Q

Adrenocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones

46
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

are a subgroup involved with glucose metabolism

47
Q

Cortisol

A

is a glucocorticoid stress hormone that increases blood glucose and breaks down protein

48
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

affect ion concentrations in tissues

49
Q

Aldosterone

A

acts on the kidney to retain sodium

50
Q

Androstenedione

A

a sex steroids that contribute to the adult pattern of body hair in men and women

51
Q

Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

is secreted by the pituitary, its release is controlled by negative feedback from blood levels and by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus

52
Q

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A

master regulator of thyroid gland growth and function

53
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

thyroxine (tetraiothyronine) and triiodothyronine

54
Q

Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH) causes the thyroid gland to produce:

A

Thyroid Hormones

55
Q

Goiter

A

is a swelling of the thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency

56
Q

Cretinism or Congenital Hypothyroidism

A

which is the result of early thyroid deficiency which is accompanied by intellectual disability

57
Q

Pineal Gland

A

secretes an amine hormone, melatonin, almost exclusively at night. The pineal gland is innervates by the sympathetic nervous system

58
Q

Melatonin

A

provides a signal that tracks a days length and the seasons and plays a role in biological rhythms made by the pineal gland; its an amine hormone

59
Q

Gonads

A

ovaries and testes, produce sex steroids

60
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing-Hormone (GnRH)

A

released by the hypothalamus which controls the gonadal hormone production; stimulates the anterior pituitary release FSH or LH

61
Q

Kisspeptin

A

a hypothalamic peptide that stimulate Gonadotropin Releasing-Hormone (GnRH) neurons, involved in the onset of puberty

62
Q

Gonadotropin-Inhibiting Hormone

A

is used by the hypothalamus to inhibit gonadotropic secretion

63
Q

Testes

A

produce and secrete testosterone, one of many male hormones

64
Q

Testosterone

A

is regulated by LH which is regulated by Gonadotropin Releasing- Hormone (GnRH)

65
Q

Androgens

A

name for many male hormones such as testes and testosterone

66
Q

Ovaries

A

produce hormones in cycles: such as progestins and estrogens such as 17β-estradiol

67
Q

Oral Contraceptives

A

contain synthetic steroids that feed back on the hypothalamus and inhibit release of GnRH

68
Q

Psychosocial Dwarfism

A

growth failure due to stress and neglect in early childhood: mediated through the CNS its control over endocrine functions
- removal of the stress allows normal growth to resume

69
Q

Communication Signals can be:

A

Neural to Neural, Neural to Endocrine, Endocrine to Endocrine, and Endocrine to Neural

70
Q

Lipocalin 2

A

a peptide hormone that is secreted from bone cells with mice, can cross the blood-brain barrier and binds to cells in the hypothalamus
- treating mice with is reduces their food intake

PSY 333: Behavioral Neuroscience (7 decks)

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