Chapter 14: Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming

Question 1

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 1

are functions of a living organism that display a rhythm of about 24 hours

Question 2

Rhythms may be…

Answer 2

behavioral, physiological, or biochemical

Question 3

Diurnal

Answer 3

active during the light

Question 4

Nocturnal

Answer 4

active during the dark

Question 5

Infradian Rhythms

Answer 5

more than > 24 hours, i.e.(monthly cycles)

Question 6

Ultradian Rhythms

Answer 6

less than < 24 hour biological rhythms with a shorter period and higher frequency than circadian rhythms

Question 7

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 7

~ 24-hour cycle that includes physiological and behavioral rhythms like sleeping

Question 8

Circannual Rhythms

Answer 8

~1 year rhythms, hibernation, do not depend on light/dark cycle

Question 9

Free-Running

Answer 9

animal maintains its own cycle without external cues

Question 10

Period

Answer 10

time between two similar points of successive cycles; may not be exactly 24 hours

Question 11

Phase Shift

Answer 11

shift in activity in response a synchronizing stimulus, such as light

Question 12

Entrainment

Answer 12

is the process of shifting the rhythm

Question 13

Zeitgeber

Answer 13

cue that an animal uses to synchronize with the environment

Question 14

Endogenous Clock

Answer 14

circadian rhythms are generated by this
- enables animals to anticipate events and helps with survival

Question 15

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Answer 15

where is biological clock is, and is above the optic chiasm in the hypothalamus
- circadian rhythms are disrupted in animals with SCN lesions
- Isolated SCN neurons can maintain electrical activity synchronized to be previous light cycle

Question 16

Pineal Gland

Answer 16

located at the center of the brain and is sensitive to light

Question 17

Retinohypothalamic Pathway

Answer 17

in mammals, light information goes from the eye to the SCN via this pathway

Question 18

Melanopsin

Answer 18

a special photopigment, that makes them sensitive to light, especially blue light. Most of these retinal ganglion cells contain melanopsin

Question 19

SCN cells make two proteins:

Answer 19

Clock and Cycle

Question 20

Dimer

Answer 20

Clock and Cycle bind together to form this

Question 21

How does light entrain the molecular clock in flies

Answer 21

light reaches the brain directly and degrades the Cry protein, synchronizing the molecular clock

Question 22

How does light entrain the molecular clock in mammals

Answer 22

retinal ganglion cells detect light and release glutamate in the SCN

Question 23

Tau Mutations

Answer 23

the period is shorter than normal

Question 24

Double Clock

Answer 24

mutants are severely arrhythmic

Question 25

Infradian Biological Rhythms

Answer 25

longer than a day, such as reproductive cycles

Question 26

Circannual Clock

Answer 26

biological process that occurs in living creatures over the period of approximately one year.

Question 27

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 27

records electrical activity in the brain

Question 28

Electro-oculography (EOG)

Answer 28

records eye movements

Question 29

Electromyography (EMG)

Answer 29

records muscle activity

Question 30

Beta Activity or Desynchronized EEG

Answer 30

EEG pattern of activity in an awake person that contains many frequencies

Question 31

Non-REM sleep (NREM)

Answer 31

is divided into three stages that have characteristic activity patterns

Question 32

Stage 3 (NREM3)

Answer 32

slow wave sleep

Question 33

Slow Wave Sleep

Answer 33

defined by large-amplitude, very slow delta waves

Question 34

Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM)

Answer 34

EEG activity is like an awake person, but muscles are relaxed and limp—brainstem regions are profoundly inhibiting motor neurons

Question 35

Number of Normal Sleep Cycles:

Answer 35

4 to 5 cycles of sleep stages

Question 36

Nightmares

Answer 36

ling frightening dreams that awaken the sleeper from REM sleep

Question 37

Night Terrors

Answer 37

sudden arousals from NREM sleep, marked by fear and autonomic activity

Question 38

Sleep Deprivation

Answer 38

causes increased irritability, difficulty concentrating, episodes of disorientation

Question 39

Fatal Familial Insomnia

Answer 39

is an inherited disease where in midlife, people stop sleeping and dies 7-24 months after the onset of insomnia. Autopsy shows degeneration in the cortex and the thalamus.

Question 40

Sleep Recovery

Answer 40

process of sleeping more than normal after a period of deprivation - Night 1- Stage 3 sleep is increased, usually at the expense of stage 2 sleep - Night 2- most recovery of REM sleep, which is more intense than normal with more rapid eye movements

Question 41

One role of sleep is to conserve energy:

Answer 41

Muscular tension, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and respiration rate are all reduced.

Question 42

Ecological Niche

Answer 42

the unique assortment of environmental opportunities and challenges to which each organism is adapted

Question 43

General Anesthetics

Answer 43

cause unconsciousness, produce slow waves in EEG that resembles SWS

Question 44

Isolated Brain

Answer 44

made by an incision between the medulla and the spinal cord. Results show that wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep are all mediated by networks in the brain

Question 45

Isolated Forebrain

Answer 45

made by an incision in the midbrain: electrical activity in the forebrain showed constant SWS but not REM

Question 46

The constant SWS activity in the forebrain is generated by the:

Answer 46

Basal Forebrain

Question 47

Neurons in this region become active at sleep onset and release GABA, which suppresses activity in the nearby

Answer 47

Tuberomamillary Nucleus.

Question 48

Reticular Formation

Answer 48

activates the cortex; in the brainstem

Question 49

Subcoeruleus

Answer 49

A specific region of the pons that triggers REM sleep

Question 50

Narcolepsy

Answer 50

a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep

Question 51

Cataplexy

Answer 51

a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse; often in narcolepsy patients

Question 52

Hypocretin

Answer 52

regulates sleep and arousal states

Question 53

Sleep Paralysis

Answer 53

a brief inability to talk or move just before falling asleep or just after waking up - May happen when the subcoeruleus continues to impose paralysis for a short while after the person awakens from a REM

Question 54

Sleep Enuresis

Answer 54

bed-wetting

Question 55

Somnambulism

Answer 55

sleep walking

Question 56

REM Behavior Disorder (RBD):

Answer 56

characterized by organized behavior from an asleep person. Usually begins after age 50 and is often followed by beginning symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and dementia

Question 57

Paradoxical Insmonia

Answer 57

people report insomnia even when EEG indicates they were asleep

Question 58

Sleep-Onset Insomnia

Answer 58

difficulty falling asleep; caused by situational factors, such as shift work or jet lag

Question 59

Sleep-Maintenance Insomnia

Answer 59

difficulty staying asleep; may be caused by drugs or neurological factors

Question 60

Sleep Apnea

Answer 60

breathing stops or slows down; blood oxygen drops rapidly

Question 61

Obstructive Apnea

Answer 61

progressive relaxation of muscles. A continuous positive airway pressure, or CPAP, machine prevents collapse of airways

Question 62

Central Apnea

Answer 62

changes in pacemaker respiratory neurons of the brainstem

Question 63

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 63

sleep apnea resulting from immature respiratory pacemaker systems or arousal mechanisms

Question 64

Sleep Hygiene

Answer 64

habits that promote healthy sleep