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PSY 333: Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 14: Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming Flashcards

1
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

are functions of a living organism that display a rhythm of about 24 hours

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2
Q

Rhythms may be…

A

behavioral, physiological, or biochemical

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3
Q

Diurnal

A

active during the light

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4
Q

Nocturnal

A

active during the dark

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5
Q

Infradian Rhythms

A

more than > 24 hours, i.e.(monthly cycles)

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6
Q

Ultradian Rhythms

A

less than < 24 hour biological rhythms with a shorter period and higher frequency than circadian rhythms

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7
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

~ 24-hour cycle that includes physiological and behavioral rhythms like sleeping

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8
Q

Circannual Rhythms

A

~1 year rhythms, hibernation, do not depend on light/dark cycle

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9
Q

Free-Running

A

animal maintains its own cycle without external cues

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10
Q

Period

A

time between two similar points of successive cycles; may not be exactly 24 hours

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11
Q

Phase Shift

A

shift in activity in response a synchronizing stimulus, such as light

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12
Q

Entrainment

A

is the process of shifting the rhythm

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13
Q

Zeitgeber

A

cue that an animal uses to synchronize with the environment

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14
Q

Endogenous Clock

A

circadian rhythms are generated by this
- enables animals to anticipate events and helps with survival

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15
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

where is biological clock is, and is above the optic chiasm in the hypothalamus
- circadian rhythms are disrupted in animals with SCN lesions
- Isolated SCN neurons can maintain electrical activity synchronized to be previous light cycle

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16
Q

Pineal Gland

A

located at the center of the brain and is sensitive to light

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17
Q

Retinohypothalamic Pathway

A

in mammals, light information goes from the eye to the SCN via this pathway

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18
Q

Melanopsin

A

a special photopigment, that makes them sensitive to light, especially blue light. Most of these retinal ganglion cells contain melanopsin

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19
Q

SCN cells make two proteins:

A

Clock and Cycle

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20
Q

Dimer

A

Clock and Cycle bind together to form this

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21
Q

How does light entrain the molecular clock in flies

A

light reaches the brain directly and degrades the Cry protein, synchronizing the molecular clock

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22
Q

How does light entrain the molecular clock in mammals

A

retinal ganglion cells detect light and release glutamate in the SCN

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23
Q

Tau Mutations

A

the period is shorter than normal

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24
Q

Double Clock

A

mutants are severely arrhythmic

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25
Q

Infradian Biological Rhythms

A

longer than a day, such as reproductive cycles

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26
Q

Circannual Clock

A

biological process that occurs in living creatures over the period of approximately one year.

27
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

records electrical activity in the brain

28
Q

Electro-oculography (EOG)

A

records eye movements

29
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

records muscle activity

30
Q

Beta Activity or Desynchronized EEG

A

EEG pattern of activity in an awake person that contains many frequencies

31
Q

Non-REM sleep (NREM)

A

is divided into three stages that have characteristic activity patterns

32
Q

Stage 3 (NREM3)

A

slow wave sleep

33
Q

Slow Wave Sleep

A

defined by large-amplitude, very slow delta waves

34
Q

Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM)

A

EEG activity is like an awake person, but muscles are relaxed and limp—brainstem regions are profoundly inhibiting motor neurons

35
Q

Number of Normal Sleep Cycles:

A

4 to 5 cycles of sleep stages

36
Q

Nightmares

A

ling frightening dreams that awaken the sleeper from REM sleep

37
Q

Night Terrors

A

sudden arousals from NREM sleep, marked by fear and autonomic activity

38
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

causes increased irritability, difficulty concentrating, episodes of disorientation

39
Q

Fatal Familial Insomnia

A

is an inherited disease where in midlife, people stop sleeping and dies 7-24 months after the onset of insomnia. Autopsy shows degeneration in the cortex and the thalamus.

40
Q

Sleep Recovery

A

process of sleeping more than normal after a period of deprivation
- Night 1- Stage 3 sleep is increased, usually at the expense of stage 2 sleep
- Night 2- most recovery of REM sleep, which is more intense than normal with more rapid eye movements

41
Q

One role of sleep is to conserve energy:

A

Muscular tension, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and respiration rate are all reduced.

42
Q

Ecological Niche

A

the unique assortment of environmental opportunities and challenges to which each organism is adapted

43
Q

General Anesthetics

A

cause unconsciousness, produce slow waves in EEG that resembles SWS

44
Q

Isolated Brain

A

made by an incision between the medulla and the spinal cord. Results show that wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep are all mediated by networks in the brain

45
Q

Isolated Forebrain

A

made by an incision in the midbrain: electrical activity in the forebrain showed constant SWS but not REM

46
Q

The constant SWS activity in the forebrain
is generated by the:

A

Basal Forebrain

47
Q

Neurons in this region become active at sleep onset and release GABA, which suppresses activity in the nearby

A

Tuberomamillary Nucleus.

48
Q

Reticular Formation

A

activates the cortex; in the brainstem

49
Q

Subcoeruleus

A

A specific region of the pons that triggers REM sleep

50
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep

51
Q

Cataplexy

A

a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse; often in narcolepsy patients

52
Q

Hypocretin

A

regulates sleep and arousal states

53
Q

Sleep Paralysis

A

a brief inability to talk or move just before falling asleep or just after waking up
- May happen when the subcoeruleus continues to impose paralysis for a short while after the person awakens from a REM

54
Q

Sleep Enuresis

A

bed-wetting

55
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleep walking

56
Q

REM Behavior Disorder (RBD):

A

characterized by organized behavior from an asleep person. Usually begins after age 50 and is often followed by beginning symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and dementia

57
Q

Paradoxical Insmonia

A

people report insomnia even when EEG indicates they were asleep

58
Q

Sleep-Onset Insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep; caused by situational factors, such as shift work or jet lag

59
Q

Sleep-Maintenance Insomnia

A

difficulty staying asleep; may be caused by drugs or neurological factors

60
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

breathing stops or slows down; blood oxygen drops rapidly

61
Q

Obstructive Apnea

A

progressive relaxation of muscles. A continuous positive airway pressure, or CPAP, machine prevents collapse of airways

62
Q

Central Apnea

A

changes in pacemaker respiratory neurons of the brainstem

63
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A

sleep apnea resulting from immature respiratory pacemaker systems or arousal mechanisms

64
Q

Sleep Hygiene

A

habits that promote healthy sleep

PSY 333: Behavioral Neuroscience (7 decks)

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