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PSY 333: Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 17: Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information, behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of practice, study or experience

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2
Q

Memory

A
  1. The ability to retain information, based on the mental process of learning or encoding, retention across some interval of time, and retrieval or reactivation of the information.
  2. The specific information that is stored in the brain
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3
Q

Amnesia

A

Severe impairment of memory

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4
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Difficulty in retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia

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5
Q

Patient H.M

A

A person who, because of damage to medial temporal lobe structures, was unable to encode new declarative memories. Upon his death we learned his name was Henry Molaison

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6
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

The inability to form new memories beginning with the onset for a disorder

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7
Q

Hippocampus

A

A medial temporal lobe structure important for learning, memory, and spatial navigation

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8
Q

Declarative Memory

A

A memory that can be stated or described

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9
Q

Non declarative Memory

A

Also called “Procedural Memory”. A memory that is shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection

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10
Q

Delayed Non-Matching-To-Sample-Task

A

A test in which, on each trial, the participants much select the stimulus that was seen previously

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11
Q

Patient N.A.

A

A person who is unable to encode new declarative memories, because of made to the dorsal thalamus and the mammillary bodies

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12
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

A memory disorder, related to a thiamine deficiency, that is generally associated with chronic alcoholism

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13
Q

Confabulate

A

To fill in a gap in memory with falsification. It often occurs in Korsakoff’s Syndrome

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14
Q

Patient K.C.

A

A person who sustained damage to the cortex that rendered him unable to retrieve autobiographical memories. Upon his death we learned his name was Kent Cochran

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15
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory of a particular incident or a particular time and place

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16
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Generalized memory- for instance, knowing the memory of a word without knowing where or when you learned that word

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17
Q

Skill Learning

A

Learning to perform a task that requires motor coordination

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18
Q

Priming

A

Also called “Repetition Priming”. The phenomenon by which exposure to a stimulus facilitates subsequent responses to the same or a similar stimulus

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19
Q

Associative Learning

A

A type of learning in which an association is formed between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response. It includes both classical and operant conditioning

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20
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Also called “Instrumental Conditioning”. A form of associative learning in which the likelihood that an act (instrumental response) will be performed depends on the consequences (reinforcing stimuli) that follow it

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21
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Also called “Pavlovian Conditioning”. A type of associative learning in which an originally neutral (conditioned) stimulus acquires the power to elicit the response normally elicited by another (unconditioned) stimulus after the stimuli are paired. A response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (US); a response elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS) alone is called a conditioned response (CR)

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22
Q

Cognitive Map

A

A mental representative of a spatial relationship

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23
Q

Place Cell

A

A neuron within the hippocampus that selectively fires when the animal is in a particular location

24
Q

Grid Cell

A

A neuron that selectively fires when an animal crosses the intersection points of an abstract grid map of the local environment

25
Q

Border Cell

A

A neuron that selectively fires when an animal arrives at the perimeter of a local spatial cognitive map

26
Q

Sensory Buffer

A

An element of the type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene

27
Q

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A

A form of memory that usually lasts only for seconds, or as long as rehearsal continues, especially while being used during performance of a task

28
Q

Working Memory

A

A type of short-term memory that holds a limited amount of information available for ready access during performance of a task

29
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

The most anterior portion of the frontal lobe

30
Q

Intermediate-Term-Memory

A

A form of memory that lasts longer than short-term memory but not as long as long-term memory

31
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

An enduring form of memory that lasts days, weeks, months or years and has a very large capacity

32
Q

Encoding

A

A stage of memory formation in which the information entering sensory channels is passed into short-term memory

33
Q

Consolidation

A

A stage of memory formation in which information in short-term or intermediate-term memory is transferred to long-term memory

34
Q

Engram

A

The physical basis of a memory in the brain. It is sometimes referred to as memory trace on the assumption that it involves changes in a neural circuit rather than a single neuron.

35
Q

Retrieval

A

A process in memory during which a stored memory is used by an organism

36
Q

Reconsolidating

A

The process by which a retrieved memory may be strengthened or altered before being returned to LTM

37
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

A disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim

38
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Also called “Neural Plasticity”. The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment

39
Q

Standard Condition (SC)

A

The usual environment for laboratory rodents, with a few animals in a cage and adequate food and water but no complex stimulation

40
Q

Impoverished Condition (IC)

A

Also called “Isolation Condition”. A condition in which laboratory rodents are housed singly in a small cage without complex stimuli

41
Q

Enriched Condition (EC)

A

Also called “complex environment”. A condition in which laboratory rodents are group-housed with a wide variety of stimulus objects

42
Q

Non-associative Learning

A

A type of learning in which presentation of a particular stimulus alters the strength or probability of a response according to the strength and temporal spacing of that stimulus. It includes habituation and sensitization

43
Q

Habituation

A

A form of non associative learning in which an organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentation of a stimulus

44
Q

Dishabituation

A

The restoration of response amplitude following habituation

45
Q

Sensitization

A

A form of non-associative learning in which an organism becomes more responsive to most stimuli after being exposed to unusually strong or painful stimulation

46
Q

Cell Assembly

A

A large group of cells that tend to be active at the same time because they have been activated simultaneously or in close succession in the past

47
Q

Hebbian Synapse

A

A synapse that is strengthened when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell

48
Q

Tetanus

A

An intense volley of action potential

49
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

A stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapse following repeated strong stimulation

50
Q

Dentate Gyrus

A

A strip of gray matter in the hippocampal formation

51
Q

NMDA Receptor

A

A glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) and that is both ligand-gated and voltage-sensitive

52
Q

AMPA Receptor

A

A glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist AMPA.

53
Q

Protein Kinase

A

An enzyme that adds phosphate groups (PO4) to protein molecules, altering the proteins function

54
Q

CREB

A

Cyclic AMP responsive element-binding protein, which binds the promoter region of several genes involved in neural plasticity when activated by cAMP

55
Q

Retrograde Messenger

A

Transmitter that is released by the postsynaptic region, travels back across the synapse, and alters the functioning of the presynaptic neuron

56
Q

Conditional Knockout

A

A gene that can be selectively deactivated in specific tissues and/or at a specific stage of development

57
Q

Nootropics

A

A class of drugs that enhance cognitive function

PSY 333: Behavioral Neuroscience (7 decks)

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