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+ FMST 210 > Chapter 5: Health > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

rate at which death occurs in the first year of life

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2
Q

What is infancy?

A

first year of life

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3
Q

What are the causes of infant mortality?

A

most likely something that is beyond the control of the birth mom

  • congenital malformations
  • chromosomal abnormalities
  • low birth weight
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4
Q

What are the most common causes of death in 2-17 year olds?

A

motor vehicle accident and drowning

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5
Q

What are the individual and contextual factors putting children at risk for injury and death?

A

poor caretaker supervision (most often)
- characteristics of children can make them difficult to supervise (overactive, difficult temperament)

socioeconomic status (SES)
- disadvantaged neighbourhood: lacks resources for well-maintained parks, upkeep on sidewalks and potholes, safety
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6
Q

What is child abuse?

A

any intentional harm to a minor

- physical and sexual abuse

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7
Q

What age group experiences the most child abuse?

A

0-3 experience the most maltreatment because they are the most vulnerable (can’t speak up for themselves, can’t seek help from others)

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8
Q

What is child neglect?

A

child is deprived of adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical care
- usually not malicious and intentional

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9
Q

What are mandated reports?

A

people legally obligated to report suspected child maltreatment

  • report to child protective services, law enforcement, child abuse hotlines
  • more likely to notice if something is going on
  • ie. teachers, coaches
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10
Q

What are the effects of child maltreatment?

A
  • effects on brain development may not heal completely

- socioemotional effects

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11
Q

What are the effects of child maltreatment on brain development?

A
  • more long-term damage

- exposure to physical harm and prolonged stress can alter the course of brain development

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12
Q

What are the socioemotional effects of child maltreatment?

A
  • poor coping skills
  • difficulty regulating emotions and impulses
  • have difficult time understanding their own emotions and the emotions of others
  • at risk for long-term psychological disorder and behaviour problems
  • difficult to sustain relationships and friendships
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13
Q

What are the risk factors for child maltreatment?

A
  • child characteristics
  • parent characteristics
  • societal factors
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14
Q

What are the child characteristic risk factors for child maltreatment?

A

children with special needs or low birth weight are at higher risk

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15
Q

What are the parent characteristic risk factors for child maltreatment?

A
  • some parents perceive normal child behaviour as being stubborn and non-compliant, therefore they feel like they need to get them in shape (coming from parents who don’t have knowledge of standard child development, and have expectations of how their child should be)
  • bad impulse, coping skills
  • marital instability, substance abuse
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16
Q

What are the societal risk factors for child maltreatment?

A
  • accept violence has a normal occurrence (ie. ways it is portrayed in the media)
  • conservative, religious, and political views → some parents believe they have the right to do whatever they want with their child and discipline them physically
17
Q

Statistics: Alcohol Use in Canada

A
  • grades 7-9: 23% use alcohol
  • grades 10-12: 65% use alcohol
  • university students: 69% use alcohol
18
Q

What is binge drinking?

A

consuming 5 (for men) or 4 (for women) or more drinks in one sitting

19
Q

Statistics: Binge Drinking in Canada

A
  • grades 7-12: 24%

- university students: 35%

20
Q

How much alcohol use serve developmental function?

A
  • way adolescents assert independence and autonomy from their parents
  • like to participate in risky behaviour
  • may help them forms social relationships
  • help them learn about themselves
21
Q

What are the biological effects on adolescents when they consume too much alcohol?

A
  • brain is more sensitive to neurological damage

- brain shows more cognitive impairment in response to alcohol

22
Q

Why someone whose brain is still developing not be consuming alcohol?

A

the brain is much more susceptible to damage that can be caused by alcohol and substance use
- once the brain is developed, then the effects on the brain are a lot less

23
Q

How do alcohol use change throughout the lifespan?

A

use increases during transition to adulthood and then declines with transition into adult roles (career, marriage, parenthood)

24
Q

What are the health consequences of smoking?

A
  • linked with cancer, heart disease, heart attacks, vascular disease, stroke, brain aneurysms
  • responsible for ⅕ deaths in Canada every year
25
Q

Why is it difficult to stop smoking?

A
  • nicotine are highly addictive
  • withdrawal symptoms (typically only last a few days) are difficult and painful (ie. irritable, cravings, high level of anxiety, difficulty paying attention)
26
Q

How are E-cigarettes viewed?

A

viewed as ‘safer’ than cigarettes but there is little research

27
Q

E-Cigarettes/Vaping Facts

A
  • E-cigarettes purchased at convenience stores are ½ labeled as nicotine-free, but actually contained nicotine
  • Vitamin E Acetate: added to THC vaping liquid, safe to ingest, not safe to inhale
  • USA: 2807 hospitalizations for vaping-related illness, 68 deaths (37% were 18-24 year-olds (largest single age group))
  • Canada: 19 vaping-related illnesses, 15 hospitalizations, no deaths
  • 84% of US diagnoses were of THC vapers (Vitamin E Acetate)
28
Q

Statistics: Marijuana Use in Canada

A
  • average age of first use: 14 years old
  • 24% of 15-24 year olds report using cannabis in the last 3 months
  • statistics have not changed from prior to after legalization\
  • males use cannabis more often, perceive it as less risky, and more likely to drive a car right afterwards
29
Q

What are the short-term effects of marijuana use?

A
  • individuals who regularly use cannabis have impaired executive function, impaired memory, impaired recall, impaired attention
30
Q

When is the brain fully developed?

A

age 24

31
Q

What is executive function?

A

responsible for problem solving, abstract thinking and judgment

32
Q

What are reasons for marijuana use?

A
  • people often use it once (experimentation)
  • coping with stress
  • to relax
  • to have fun
33
Q

What are the lifetime problems associated with marijuana use?

A

regular users have lower academic attainment, lower income, higher rates of unemployment, poor relationship satisfaction, poor life satisfaction

34
Q

Describe the addictive nature of marijuana.

A

active ingredient is THC that passes through bloodstream into brain and activates brain’s reward system

→ every single time the rewards system is activated, it needs more product for reward system to be activated at the same level
→ therefore regular users experience withdrawal symptoms and difficulty sleeping

+ FMST 210 (17 decks)

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