Chapter 1: Foundations of Development Flashcards
What is family context of human development?
taking an interdisciplinary approach to understanding human development over much of the lifespan with specific focus on the influence of family dynamics and social contexts
What are some examples of social contexts?
social class, religion, political climate, work experience, historical time
What are the 5 principles of lifespan human development?
- Development Is Multidimensional
- Development is Multidirectional
- Development is Plastic (Plasticity)
- Development is Influenced by Multiple Contexts
- Developmental Science is Multidisciplinary
What are the 3 dimensions of “Development Is Multidimensional”?
physical, cognitive, socioemotional
Development Is Multidimensional
Physical
body maturation and growth
Development Is Multidimensional
Cognitive
maturation of thought processes and tools we use to obtain knowledge, become aware of the world, and solve problems
Development Is Multidimensional
Socioemotional
changes in personality, emotions, views of oneself, social skills, and interpersonal relationships
Development is Multidirectional
- consists of both gains and losses, growth and decline, throughout lifespan
- ie. (gain and loss) stepping reflex is lost after one year of life when we develop other motor skills that enable us to walk
Development is Plastic (Plasticity)
- malleability or changeability
- allows people to modify their traits, capacities, and behaviour throughout lifespan
- resilient
What is resilience?
capacity to adapt effectively to adverse contexts or circumstances
Development is Influenced by Multiple Contexts
What is context?
- where and when a person develops
- ie. physical and social environment (country, neighbourhood, time period, etc.), ethnicity, culture, values, customs, ideals, families
Development is Influenced by Multiple Contexts
What is a cohort?
generation of people born at the same time
Developmental Science is Multidisciplinary
contributions of many disciplines (neuroscience, psychology, sociology, medicine) are needed to understand how people grow, think, and interact with the world
Why is context important?
- contexts shape our lives
- contexts can limit our choices
- life course perspective
What does life course perspective provide?
provides an added layer/dimension of understanding lifespan development
What does life course perspective look at?
looks at the relationship between historical time, chronological age, and human experience all at the same time
What is a theory?
way of organizing set of observations or facts into a comprehensive explanation of how something works
What are hypotheses?
proposed explanations for a given phenomenon
What are the 5 major categories of theoretical perspectives on lifespan human development?
- psychoanalytic theories
- behaviorist and social learning theories
- cognitive theories
- sociocultural systems theories
- ethology and evolutionary developmental theory
Psychoanalytic Theories
What is the psychoanalytic theory?
development and behaviour are the result of interplay of inner drives, memories, and conflicts we are unaware of and cannot control
Psychoanalytic Theories
What are the 2 major psychoanalytic theories/theorists?
- Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
- Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Psychoanalytic Theories
What is Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?
behavior is driven by unconscious impulses outside our awareness
Psychoanalytic Theories
What is Erikson’s Psychosexual Theory?
role of social world, society, and culture in shaping development
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
What is the behaviorist and social learning theory?
development and behavior are influenced by the physical and social environment
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
What are the 2 major behaviorist and social learning theories?
- Behaviorism (Behaviorist Learning Theory)
- Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
What is behaviorism (behaviorist learning theory)?
examines only observable behaviour
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
What are the 2 conditiong types of behaviorism (behaviorist learning theory)?
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
What is classical conditioning?
person or animal comes to associate environmental stimuli with physiological responses
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
What is operant conditioning?
behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
What is Bandura’s social learning theory?
people actively process information, and their thoughts and feelings influence their behavior
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
What are the 2 types of Bandura’s social learning theory?
- observational learning
- reciprocal determinism
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
What is observational learning?
people learn through observing and imitating models
Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
What is reciprocal determinism?
individuals and environment interact and influence each other
Cognitive Theories
What is the cognitive theory?
development and behavior are the result of thought or cognition
Cognitive Theories
What are the 2 major cognitive theories?
- Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
- Information Processing Theory
Cognitive Theories
What is Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory?
children and adults are active explorers of their world
- organization of learning results in cognitive schemas or concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting with the world
- Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Cognitive Theories
What is Information Processing Theory?
views thinking as information processing
- mind works in ways similar to a computer
- information enters and is manipulated, stored, recalled, and used to solve problems
Sociocultural Systems Theories
What is the sociocultural system theory?
- emphasizes the role of sociocultural context in development
- people are inseparable from the cultural beliefs and societal, neighborhood, and familial contexts in which they live
Sociocultural Systems Theories
What are the 2 sociocultural system theories?
- Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Systems Theory
- Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory
Sociocultural Systems Theories
What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Systems Theory?
examines how culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through social interaction
Sociocultural Systems Theories
What is Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory?
addresses both the role of the individual and that individual’s social interactions
- development is the result of interactions among biological, cognitive, and psychological changes within a person and their changing context
- individuals are embedded in, or surrounded by, series of sociocultural contexts
Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory
What is the Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory?
- applies principles of evolution and scientific knowledge about interactive influence of genetic and environmental mechanisms to understand development
- genetic programs and biological predispositions interact with physical and social environment to influence development
What are the 2 fundamental questions in lifespan human development?
- Are Individuals Active in Their Own Development?
2. Is Development Influenced by Nature or Nurture – or Both?
What is nature?
genetic endowments or heredity, maturational processes, and evolution
What is nurture?
physical and social environment
What are the 3 methods of data collection?
- self-report
- observational methods
- physiological measures
What is self-report?
measures where person under study answers questions about her or his experiences, attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and behavior
What are the 3 types of self-report?
open-ended interview
structured interview
questionnaire
What are observational methods?
collect and organize information based on watching and monitoring people’s behavior
What are the 2 types of observational methods?
naturalistic observation
structured observation
What are physiological measures?
measure physiological indicators of cognition, emotion, and behavior
ie. heart rate, perspiration, cortisol levels
Research Designs
What is a case study?
in-depth examination of a single person (or small group of individuals)
Research Designs
What is a correlational research?
examines relations among measured characteristics, behaviors, and events
Research Designs
What is a experimental research?
procedure that uses control to determine causal relationships among variables
Developmental Research Designs
What does cross-sectional mean?
compare groups of people of different ages at one time
Developmental Research Designs
What does longitudinal mean?
study one group of participants at many points in time
Developmental Research Designs
What does sequential mean?
assess multiple groups over time
What are ethical issues in research?
- responsibilities to the discipline and the process
- responsibilities to participants
- do good and do no harm
- informed consent
- responsibilities to society
What is informed consent?
informed, rational, and voluntary agreement to participate
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
What is the Oral Stage (Stage 1)?
(0-18 months)
- basic drives focus on mouth, tongue, and gums, whereby the infant obtains pleasure by feeding and sucking
- feeding and weaning are particularly important influences on personality development at this time
- failure to meet oral needs can be shown in behaviours that center on the mouth (ie. fingernail biting, overeating, smoking, or excessive drinking)
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
What is Anal Stage (Stage 2)?
(18 months - 3 years)
- basic drives are oriented toward the anus, and the infant obtains pleasure by retaining or passing bowel or bladder movements
toilet training is an important influence on personality development - if caregivers are too demanding, pushing the child before he or she is ready, or if caregivers are too lax, children may develop issues of control (ie. a need to impose extreme order and cleanliness on their environment, extreme messiness and disorder)
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
What is Phalic Stage (Stage 3)?
(3-6 years)
- basic drives shift to the genitals
- child develops a romantic desire for the opposite-sex parent and a sense of hostility and/or fear of the same-sex parent
- conflict between child’s desires and fears arouses anxiety and discomfort
- resolved by pushing the desires into the unconscious and spending time with same-sex parent and adopting their behaviour and roles
- through this process, child begins to become members of society by adopting societal expectations and values
- failure to resolve this conflict may result in guilt and lack of conscience
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
What is the Latency Stage between Stage 3 and 4?
(6 years to puberty)
- not a stage, but a time of calm between stages when the child develops talents and skills and focuses on school, sports, and friendships
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
What is Genital Stage (Stage 1)?
(puberty to adulthood)
- with the physical changes of early adolescence, the basic drives again become oriented toward the genitals
- person becomes concerned with developing mature adult sexual interests and sexual satisfaction in adult relationship throughout life
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
(birth to 1 year)
infants learn to trust that others will fulfill their basic needs (nourishment, warmth, comfort) or to lac confidence that their needs will be met
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(1-3 years)
toddlers learn to be self-sufficient and independent through toilet training, feeding, walking, talking, and exploring, or they lack confidence in their own abilities and doubt themselves
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
(3-6 years)
young children become inquisitive, ambitious, and eager for responsibility, or they experience overwhelming guilt for their curiosity and overstepping boundaries
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
(6-12 years)
children learn to be hardworking, competent, and productive by mastering new skills in school, friendships, and home life, or they experience difficulty leading to feelings of inadequacy and incompetence
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
(puberty to early adulthood)
- adolescents search for a sense of self by experimenting with roles
- they also look for answers to the question “Who am I?” in terms of career, sexual, and political roles, or they remain confused about who they are and their place in the world
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
early adulthood
young children seek companionship and close relationship with another person, or they experience isolation and self-absorption due to difficulty developing intimate relationships and sharing with others
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
middle adulthood
adults contribute to, establish, and guide the next generation through work, creative activities, and parenting, or they stagnate, remaining emotionally impoverished and concerned about themselves
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
late adulthood
older adults look back at life to make sense of it, accept mistakes, and view life as meaningful and productive, or they feel despair over goals never reached and fear of death
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
What is the Sensorimotor stage (Stage 1)?
(birth to 2 years)
infants understand the world and think using only their sense and motor skills, by watching, listening, touching, and tasting
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
What is the Preoperational stage (Stage 2)?
(2-6 years)
preschoolers are able to explore the world using their own thoughts as guides and develop the language skills to communicate their thoughts to others
despite these advances, their thinking is characterized by several errors in logic
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
What is the Concrete Operational stage (Stage 3)?
school-aged children become able to solve everyday logic problems
their thinking is not yet fully mature because they are able to apply their thinking only to problems that are tangible and tied to specific substances
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
What is the Formal Operational stage (Stage 4)?
adolescents and adults can reason logically and abstractly about possibilities, imagined instances and events, and hypothetical concepts
Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory:
Name the systems (contexts) from largest to smallest.
- macrosystem (attitudes and ideologies of culture)
- exosystem (social services, industry, mass media, local politics, neighbours)
- mesosystem (integrates exosystem and microsystem concepts)
- microsystem (family, peers, school, church, health services)
- individual (sex, age, health)
