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+ fmst 210 > Chapter 3: Physical Development > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Physical Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are growth norms?

A

expectations for typical gains and variations in height and weight for children based on chronological age and (usually) ethnic background

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2
Q

What do growth norms tell us?

A
  • tells us if the child’s growth is normal and on-track with their peers
  • tells us if they’re healthy in comparison to kids their age
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3
Q

Describe growth in infancy.

A
  • most rapid growth of lifespan aside from embryonic period
  • lose weight when born, quickly regain it, then go through growth spurts
  • head is 25% of the length of the body
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4
Q

Describe growth in early and middle childhood.

A
  • growth slows down considerably
  • individuals body portions are much more like that of an adult
  • as they’re growing, their proportions grow into the size of their head
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5
Q

How do genetics influence physical development in infancy and childhood?

A

by stipulating the amount of hormones that are released

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6
Q

How do hormones influence physical development in infancy and childhood?

A

influence cells, and are the way in which genetic instructions are transformed into physical development

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7
Q

How does the environment influence physical development in infancy and childhood?

A

good nutrition, health care, and clean water = influences better growth

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8
Q

What is puberty?

A

biological transition to adulthood in which adolescents mature physically and become capable of reproduction

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9
Q

When is puberty complete?

A

puberty is not complete until reproductive organs are all functional

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10
Q

What is the primary influence of physical development?

A

puberty

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11
Q

What is puberty regulated by?

A

regulated by hormones that are part of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis (HPG) → causes individuals to go through puberty

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12
Q

When does puberty start?

A

can start at 8 or 9 years old

girls typically start earlier than boys

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13
Q

How long does puberty take?

A

whole process takes about 4 years to complete

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14
Q

What is an adolescent growth spurt?

A

rapid gain in height and weight, can be painful and challenging

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15
Q

When does an adolescent growth spurt occur?

A

around age 10 (girls) and 12 (boys), and takes around 2 years

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16
Q

What changes do we see in an adolescent growth spurt?

A
  • begin to see sex differences in body shape
  • girls increase their fat to body ratio
  • boys see an increase in muscle mass
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17
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

physical traits that indicate sexual maturation but are not directly related to fertility

ie. breast development, voice deepening, acne, and the growth of body hair

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18
Q

What are primary sex characteristics?

A

bodily changes directly related to fertility

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19
Q

What are primary sex characteristics in females?

A

menarche (first menstruation)

suggests that uterus and ovaries have grown and are now functional (ie. releasing an egg)

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20
Q

What are primary sex characteristics in males?

A

spermarche (first ejaculation)

suggests that testes, penis, and scrotum have grown and are now functional (ie. making and releasing sperm)

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21
Q

What is the biological influence on pubertal timing?

A

genetics: age at which mothers and fathers go through puberty will predict the onset of puberty in their children

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22
Q

What are the 3 contextual influences on pubertal timing?

A
  • nutrition
  • stress
  • socio-economic status (SES)
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23
Q

How does nutrition affect pubertal timing in females?

A

ovulation and menstruation is triggered by specific level of protein called leptin found in fat

  • as that protein increases, it increases the production and secretion of hormones which will then trigger the onset of puberty and the release of an egg
  • fat leads to menarche
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24
Q

How does stress affect pubertal timing?

A

linked with earlier onset of puberty

ie. sexual abuse, poor family relationships, harsh parenting, family stress and conflict, parental marital conflict, high level of anxiety

25
Q

How does socio-economic status (SES) affect pubertal timing?

A
  • living within a poor family is linked with earlier onset of puberty, particularly in girls
  • link between low SES and poor nutrition → overweight and obese
26
Q

What is early off-timed puberty?

A

before 8 (girls) or 9 (boys)

27
Q

What is late off-timed puberty?

A

after 13 (girls) or 14 (boys)

28
Q

What are the effects of off-timed puberty?

A

linked with anxiety, depression

29
Q

What type of off-timed maturation is more problematic?

A

early maturation linked with more problems than late maturation

30
Q

What are the effects of early off-timed puberty particularly for girls?

A

typically, they are done with puberty by age 12

early-maturers:

  • likely to feel bad about their bodies because they’re changing faster than their peers
  • self-consciousness is more likely to lead to anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, negative body image, eating disorders
  • more likely to be victims of rumour spreading about being sexually active, sexually harassed
31
Q

What are the effects of early off-timed puberty particularly for boys?

A

more popular and confident

32
Q

What contextual factors influence the effects of pubertal timing?

A

early-maturing boys and girls have a tendency to seek relationships with older peers who are more similar to them in physical maturity

  • more likely to get engaged in age-inappropriate behaviour (ie. smoking, drug and alcohol use, sexual activity)
  • more likely to not make good decisions, put themselves at risk
  • girls have higher levels of teen parenting/abortion/birth, and STIs
33
Q

How does breastfeeding benefit mothers?

A
  • lower levels of depression
34
Q

How does breastfeeding benefit infants?

A
  • meets the infant’s complex nutritional needs
  • provides with protection against infection because immunities from the mother come through the breast milk and helps to build the infant’s immune system more rapidly and earlier
  • lower rates of allergies, infections, disease, asthma
  • less likely to become obese
35
Q

What is a safe alternative to breast milk?

A

formula

36
Q

When do infants start eating solid foods? What do they eat?

A
  • around age 4-6 months

- can introduce pureed foods

37
Q

What happens to infant eating patterns at age 2-3?

A
  • appetite decreases because growth is slowing down

- start learning how to feed themselves

38
Q

What is the definition of food insecure?

A

individuals and families lack consistent access to food, resulting in reduced food intake or disruptive eating patterns (eating less, or eating lower quality foods)

39
Q

Food Insecurity Statistics in Canada

A
  • 8.3% of families report being food insecure
  • Nunavut: 36.7% → highest rate of food insecurity in families
  • those receiving government benefits (ie. unemployment, disability) are 3.5x more likely to be food insecure → 21.4% are food insecure
  • average household earning income from unemployed → 6.1% are food insecure
  • single parent families → highest rate at 22.6%
40
Q

What are the consequences of food insecurity?

A

likely consuming less fresh fruits and vegetables, and dairy products (intake of vitamins and minerals is reduced → disruptive eating pattern)

more likely to be obese because they are not eating nutritious foods, but calorie-dense foods

kids experience developmental abnormalities, compromised immune systems, and difficulty concentration (not getting nutrient-rich foods)

41
Q

What are the eating behaviours in adolescence?

A
  • growth spurt: demands an increase in caloric intake

- diet trends: diet worsens → eat more fast food, drink more sugary drinks

42
Q

What can counteract eating behaviours in adolescence?

A

family meals

  • linked with more healthy diets, and decreased likelihood of being overweight
  • especially if the meals are prepared together → preparing healthy meal is becoming part of their routine
43
Q

What are the eating behaviours in adults?

A
  • caloric intake needs to go down because they are not in a growth spurt anymore
  • adults are typically less active than in adolescence, so if you are not active, you must reduce caloric intake
44
Q

What is Body Mass Index (BMI)?

A
  • standardized way of determining if someone’s weight is in a healthy range
  • measure of body fat based on height and weight
45
Q

What is considered obese with Body Mass Index (BMI)?

A

95th percentile of your weight

46
Q

Overweight and Obesity Rates in Canada

A

2-17 year olds:

  • 1978: 23%
  • 2017: 30%
47
Q

Overweight and Obesity Rates in USA

A

47%

48
Q

Where are we most likely to see less overweight and obesity?

A

in poor, non-industrialized countries due to lack of access to resources

49
Q

What are the consequences of adolescent overweight and obesity?

A
  • 80% of obese adolescents grow up to be obese adults, difficult to reduce the weight as an adult, and it is difficult to reduce the weight as an adult
  • linked with short- and long-term physical and socioemotional consequences
50
Q

What are the physical consequences of adolescent overweight and obesity?

A
  • heart disease
  • high blood pressure
  • asthma
  • orthopedic problems (ie. hip and knee replacements because excess weight wears out the joints)
  • diabetes
51
Q

What are the socioemotional consequences of adolescent overweight and obesity?

A
  • peer rejection
  • depression
  • low self-esteem
  • body dissatisfaction
52
Q

What are the causes of adolescent overweight and obesity?

A
  • in Western, developed societies: genetics
  • increase in fast food and calorie-dense nutrient-poor foods
  • poor people are likely to live in neighbourhoods with no grocery stores with healthy foods → food deserts
  • don’t have a safe place to play outside (low SES neighbourhoods are likely to be unsafe and less likely to have parks and playgrounds that are well-maintained)
53
Q

What are the physical activity and exercise rates of childhood and adolescence in Canada?

A

most do not meet recommended guidelines of 60 minutes per day (33% do)

  • level of physical activity decreases as they age
  • 5 year olds: 74 mins/day on average
  • 12-17 year olds: 48 mins/day on average

any age: boys tend to be more active than girls

  • 5 year old boys: 81 mins/day on average
  • 5 year old girls: 64 mins/day on average
  • 12-17 year old boys: 55 mins/day on average
  • 12-17 year old girls: 41 mins/day on average
54
Q

How can increased rates of physical activity in childhood and adolescence be facilitated?

A
  • parents can act as role models and engage in physical activity on a regular basis, then their kids will see that and think that it’s normal
  • have access to team sport, lessons
55
Q

What are causes of low physical activity in childhood and adolescence?

A

low SES

56
Q

What is the recommended amount of physical activity for adults?

A

21 minutes per day

57
Q

Why do adults have a lower recommended amount of physical activity?

A

they aren’t growing, and their bodies aren’t developing, therefore physical activity can be reduced and they can still be considered healthy

58
Q

What are the physical and mental health benefits of adult physical activity?

A
  • increases strength, balance, posture, endurance
  • decreases opportunity to contract disease
  • enhances immune system
  • provides stress relief, protection against depression
  • improves person’s mood, energy, ability to cope
59
Q

Total Physical Activity

Self-reported Minutes a Day vs. Accelerometer-reported Minutes a Day

A

age 18-39
self-reported: 57.6
accelerometer-reported: 26.6

age 40-59
self-reported: 48.8
accelerometer-reported: 22.8

age 60-79
self-reported: 34.1
accelerometer-reported: 15.5

+ fmst 210 (17 decks)

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