Chapter 14: Family Formation and Diversity, Parent-Child Relationships, and Sibling and Peer Relationships Flashcards
What are the 2 parenting dimensions?
- responsive and emotionally supportive
- demanding and controlling
Describe the responsive and emotionally supportive parenting dimension.
- how well the parent responds to the child’s needs, cultivate their self-esteem, and help them feel good about themselves
- focuses on degree of love, affection, nurturance, warmth, and acceptance provided by the parent
Describe the demanding and controlling parenting dimension.
- parents need to control children when it comes to safety and socialization
- reflects demand for behaviour including positive socialization
- degree of control the parent exerts over their child’s behaviours determines how well socialized and safe the child is
What is one mode of socialization?
helping children develop empathy and sympathy for others
What do high levels of control in parenting lead to in chlidren?
- child who is very safe (especially if they are young)
- child understanding their role in society and the results of their behaviours
What is authoritative parenting?
high responsiveness and high demandingness
- best for children
- does expect unquestioning obedience
- open to negotiation
- rules are explained so children can learn cause and effect
What are the outcomes of authoritative parenting for children?
- high self-esteem, but tempered with humbleness and concern for others
- learn to monitor their own behaviour
- more likely to become leaders
- high academic achievement, reasoning abilities, empathy, and altruism
- cooperative with peers, siblings, and adults
- exhibit psychosocial maturity
- more likely to seek advice from parents than peers or internet
- likely to produce a responsible, respectful, and contributing member of society
What is authoritarian parenting?
low responsiveness and high demandingness
- dictator; expects obedience without question (“because I said so”, “my house my rules”)
- rarely explains rules
- not open to negotiation
- has unrealistically high expectations for maturity and compliance
What are the outcomes of authoritarian parenting for children?
- lower academic achievement
- lower psychosocial maturity
- are more dependent, passive, and conforming
- less self-assured
- lack opportunities to develop skills such as compromise and conflict resolution
- lower levels of self-esteem, feel less competent, and don’t feel accepted for who they are
- more likely to seek advice from peers or internet than parents
- likely to become followers than leaders because they lack confidence to make decisions on their own
What is permissive/indulgent parenting?
high responsiveness and low demandingness
- make no demands, and have no control over the children
- low expectations for maturity
- provide little routine for consistency
What are the outcomes of permissive/indulgent parenting for children?
- spoiled, they were not socialized
- never learn to monitor their own behaviour because parents never forced any rules or limits
- typically have trouble following rules when they are exposed to them (don’t care about the rules)
- little training in self-regulation and independence, and as a result, are likely to lack impulse control
- not likely to become leaders—over competence in abilities can be off putting to others, and they are unable to see the big picture because they are self-absorbed
- lower academic achievement
- less mature, self-reliant, and socially responsible
- more likely to consult their peers or the internet than parents
What is indifferent parenting?
low responsiveness and low demandingness
- rarely involved in child’s life
- wants to spend as little time as possible in parenting and child interaction
What are the outcomes of indifferent parenting for children?
- not socialized
low academic achievement, lack impulse control - experience peer rejection
- experience early sexual involvement and substance use
- more likely to become aggressive, delinquent, and antisocial
- may realize they have a social effect on others, but don’t care because no one cared about them
What are the two main contextual differences in parenting approaches?
cultural
social class
Describe Western parenting (individualist).
- emphasizes individualism and independence
- more likely to encourage competition and urge children to do what is best for themselves
Describe Eastern parenting (collectivist)
- emphasizes cooperativeness, selflessness, and contribution to the well-being of the family and larger culture
- parents are more likely to urge cooperation, and consider how their actions and decisions affect others
Describe Indigenous parenting.
emphasizes the role of the community (“it takes a village to raise a child” perspective —likely the result of their long history of colonialism and residential schools
How is social class determined?
determined collectively by looking at a person’s education, occupation, and income
What are social class differences?
the way parents parent reflects their value system, perception of their role in larger society, and desire to teach their children where they will fit in in larger society once they reach adulthood
What is the concerted cultivation parenting approach in middle and upper classes.
tend to be very child-centred, actively assess child’s skills and abilities, orchestrate leisure and extracurricular activities to enhance those skills and abilities
- extracurricular activities provide children with social capital/connections that can later further their education and work experiences
- more likely to use authoritative parenting style, include children in decision-making, talk more with their children and ask their children to talk more with them
What is the accomplishments of natural growth parenting approach in working and under classes (poverty)?
tend to be parent-centred because they have less time and resources to focus on cultivating talent
- children have more free-flowing time to create their own activities at their own pace
children have more contact - with extended family (perhaps as secondary caretakers) - more likely to use an authoritarian parenting style and expect their children to comply
- more likely to talk at children, not with them, to limit verbal interaction
What are the pros and cons of the concerted cultivation parenting approach?
pros: more likely to be successful educationally and in careers
cons:
- bored easily
- express themselves less creatively
- less close relationships with extended family
- more likely to have a sense of entitlement
What are the pros and cons of the accomplishments of natural growth parenting approach?
pros:
- more creative
- less bored
- closer relationships with extended family
cons:
- more likely to have a job rather than a career
- more sense of constraint and limitation
less access to social capital
Parenting After Divorce or Cohabitation Separation
What is parallel parenting?
each parent does their own thing
- different set of rules in each home (difficult in younger children to remember which set of rules exist in which home)
