Chapter 5 Fluid and Electrolytes Acids and Bases Flashcards
What is total body water
The total volume of of fluid within all body compartments
How much of water does icF make up
2/3
Function of ICF
Functions as a medium for cellular process and nutrias transport
Extracellular fluid composes of how much of tbw
1/3
How much of weight does the body water hold in the body
60%
Hydroprastic Pressure
Pushes outward from the capillary
Osmotic oncotic pressure
pulls water inward into the capillary
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (BP)
Promotes water movement from the capillary to the interstitial place
Capillary oncotic pressure
Draws water back into the capillaryy from the interstitial space
Interstital hydrostatic pressure
Move water from the interstitial space back into the capillary
Interstitial oncotic pressure,
Pulla water from the capillary into the intersttitital space
Net filtration
The combined effect of these pressures determenes fluid across the capillary wall
Starling forces at the arterial
Hydrostatic pressure if higher than oncotic pressure favouring fluid moved into the interstitial space
Starling forces in the venous
Oncotic pressure is typically greater than hydrostatic pressure drawing fluid back into capillary
If not all fluid is reabsorbed via oncotic pressure how does the fluid not get lost
The lymphatic system which takes 10% of fluid carrying back into circulation
Aldosterone function
Regulates sodium concentration by promoting reasbsorbtoin of sodium in the kidneys and increases the excretion of potassium
ADH Function
Primarily controls water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kiddneys
Region Angiotensin aldosterone system function
Low blood volume triggers the release of renein, which connects angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 stimulation aldosterone and ADH release increasing sodium and water reabsorption
Nautriureic peptides
Include ANP, BNP and urodilation which promotes vasoldialation
What does ADH do
Promotes water reabsorption reducing plasma osmolarity
What triggers thirst
Increased plasma osmolality or decreased blood volume
What is hypertonic fluid
Alterations occur from when the osmolality of ECH is elevated above normal 294
What is hypotonic fluid
Occurs when ECF osmolality is less than 280 or when ECF is less than ICF
Chlorine follows
Sodium
What are the main influencers of potassium
Influenced mainly by kidneys lots of urine loss is equivalent to lots of potassium loos also
alkalosis
What occurs during Acidosis in regards to potassium
Hydrogen moves into cell while potassium moves out contributing to hyperkalemia
What occurs during alkalosis in regards to potassium
Potassium shifts into the cells promoting hypokalemia due to increase distal tubular secretion of potassium
How does aldosterone effect potassium
Increases potassium excretion by stimulating its release into urine
What does insulin due to potassium
Potassium moves into cell helping decrease hyperkalemia
What does sodium bicarbonate due to potassium
Moves potassium into cells
What systems control calcium and phosphate levles
Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and Clacoitonin
What is the function of calcium
Structural support (bone and teeth)
Blood clotting
Hormone secretion
Cell receptor function
Plasmaa membraine stability
Nerven impulse transmission
Muscle contraction
What is the regular calcium levels
2.1-2.6
What is hypocalcemia signs and symptoms
Muscle cramps, tetany, numbness seizures, and cardiac dysrhyhtmias
Hypercalcemia signs and syntoms
Fatigue, muscle weakness, nasuea, polyuria, kidneyy stones and cardia abnormalities
Function of phosphate
Energy production, regulation of biochemical pathways, a buffer for acid bases imbalances increases renal excretion of phosphate while promoting calcium reabsorption via parathyroid hormone
Important with Vitamin D3 and calcium and phosphate absorption
Lower blood phosphate levels through calcitonin
Phosphate level
0.8-1.5
Hyperphosphatemia symptoms
Soft tissue calcification, hypocalcemia, muscle cramps and tetany
Normal magnesium levels
0.75-0.95
Hypermagnesia
May cause decreased neuromuscular excitability can lead to muscle weakness, decreased reflexes and in severe cases respiratory depression
Hypomagnesisa
Can lead to increased neuromuscular excitability symptoms include muscle cramps tremors and seizures
vOLATILE ACIDS
Weak acids in includes H2co3 and dissociates and eliminated via lungs
Nonvolatile acids
includes sulphuric phosphoric and organic acids and are excreted by the kidneys
Lungs affect ph by
Eliminating co2
Kidneys affect ph by
Excreting nonvolatile acids
Bones affect ph by
Utilization of buffering systems
What is a buffer
A chemical that can bind excessive h+ or OH- without significant changes in ph
What buffering systems are there in the icf
Phosphate and proteins
what buffers are there in the ECH
Carbonic acid and hub
How does phosphate and ammonia affect buffer
They buffer through the urine
What does Carbonic anhydrase do
Facilitates the formation of carbonic acid from co3 and h20
Metabolic acidosis causes
Acute:Lactic acidosis, chronic renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation
Symptoms of metabolic acidosis
headache lethargy, confusion, coma,
kussumaul respirations, anorexia, nausea vommiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort
Metabolic alkalosis cAUSES
Hyporcholemic alkalosis: Committing leads to loss of chloride, hyperaldosronism, diuretics
Symptoms of Metabolic alkalosis
Weakness, muscle cram hyperactive reflexes tetany confusion convulsions, atrial tachycardia
Respiratory acidosis causes
Depression of respiratory centre, respiratory muscles paralysis, chest wall disorders lung disorders
Respiratory acidosis symptoms
Headache blurred vision, breathlessness, restlessness, laethargy convulsion coma
Respiratory Alkalosis Causes
Hypoxemia, hyper metabolic states, Early salicylate intoxication hysteria, cirrhosis, sepsisC
Symptoms of Metabolic acidosis
Dizziness confusion parenthesis convulsions coma, cerebral vasoconstriction
Fill in the blank: the osmolatiy of the intracellular fluid is typically ,,, the extracellular fluid because water cross cell membranes (with difficult, freely)
The same as
Freely
Thirst prompts fluid intake through the action of (baroreceptors, osmoreceptors) located in the (hypothalamus, posterior pituitary(
Osmoreceptors
Hypothalmus
Fluid moves out of the capillaries by (osmosis, filtration) and into or out of the cells by (osmosis, filtration)
Filtration
Osmosis
What are aquaporins
Proteins that serve as water channels in cell membranes
Who has a greater percentage of body water lean or fat ppl
Lean
Who has a greater percentage of TBW babies or adolescent
Babies
who has greater tbw if all things are equal Male or female
Male
If all is same who has greater tbw old man or younger man
Younger man
Where is the potassium ion greater ICF or ECF
ICF
Where is the sodium ion greater ICF or ECF
ECF
Which is greater the respiratory rate during metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
What hormone is activated during low calcium levels
Parathyroid Hormone
Why does the parathyroid inhibits phosphate
Because phosphate decreases calium levels
What triggers Atrial Nautreitic peptisde
Increased volume in the cardiac
atria
What does atrial natriuetic peptide do
Increases renal sodium and Walter reasbosorbtion, increases renal excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions
What does calcitonin do
Inhibits osteoclast in the bone in turn decreasingg calcium levels
What triggers calcitonin
High protein levles
What triggers ADH
Increased plasma osmolarity decreased arterial blood pressure
