Chapter 1 Cellular Biology

Question 1

List 3 Characteristics of A Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 1

1.) Has a well defined nucleus
2.) Has organelles
3.) Has histones

Question 2

List 3 Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 2

1.) Has no organelles
2.) Has no distinct nucleus
3.) Has no histone

Question 3

Examples of organisms with Eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

1.) Animals
2.) Plants
3.) Single Celled organisms (Fungi, protozoa, and most algae)

Question 4

Examples of organisms with Prokaryotic cells

Answer 4

1.) Bacteria
2.) Cyanobacteria
3.) Rickettsia

Question 5

What do histones do

Answer 5

Binds with DNA and are involved in the supercoiling of DNA

Question 6

How do cells become specialized

Answer 6

Cell Differentiation

Question 7

What are the 8 functions of a cell

Answer 7

1.) Movement
2.) Conductivity
3.) Metabolic Absorption
4.) Secretion
5.) Excretion
6.) Respiration
7.) Reproduction
8.) Communication

Question 8

What are the three components of a typical eukaryotic cell

Answer 8

1.) Cell membrane
2.) Cytoplasm
3.) Organelles

Question 9

What surrounds the nucleus

Answer 9

The nuclear envolope

Question 10

What are nuclear pores

Answer 10

Holes in the nucleus that allow chemical messages to come in and out

Question 11

What is inside the nucleus

Answer 11

Nucleolus, DNA, and Histones

Question 12

What is in the nucleolus

Answer 12

Primarily RNA

Question 13

What are histones

Answer 13

Proteins

Question 14

Why are histones essential for cell division

Answer 14

They bind to DNA and cause it to fold into chromosomes thus decreasing the risk of breaks in the DNA chain

Question 15

What is the primary function of the nucleus

Answer 15

1.) Cell division
2.) Controlling genetic information
3.) Replication and repair of DNA
4.)The transcription of the information stored in DNA

Question 16

Where is genetic information transcribed

Answer 16

It is transcribed onto RNA, (which can be processed into carious forms of RNA such as messenger transport and ribosomal) and introduced into the cytoplasm where it directs cellular activities

Question 17

What is the basic structure of cellular membranes

Answer 17

The phospholipid bilayer

Question 18

What is Caveole and list 3 functions

Answer 18

Carole is tiny dimples located on the outside of the plasma membrane
1.) Serves as a storage site for many receptor,
2.) Provide a tiny route for transport into a cell
3.) Acts as an initiator for communicating signals from the extracelluar chemical into the cells interior

Question 19

What do ribosomes do

Answer 19

They provide sites for cellular protein synthesis

Question 20

What does the endoplasmic recticulim do

Answer 20

Synthesizes and transports protein and lipids components of most organelles

Question 21

What is the Golgi complex

Answer 21

Network of smooth membrane and vesicle that processes and packages proteins into secatory vesicles that eventually migrate to various destination

Question 22

What are lysosomes

Answer 22

Originates in the Golgi complex and contains enzymes for digesting most cellular substances

Question 23

What are peroxisomes

Answer 23

Contains oxidative enzymes that produce or use hydrogen peroxide (Detoxify various wastes)

Question 24

Mitochondria

Answer 24

Structure that contain metabolic machinery needed for cellular energy

Question 25

Cytoskeleton

Answer 25

Bone and muscle of a cell

Question 26

Caveolae

Answer 26

Cavesthat capture extracellular material and shuttle It inside the cell or across the cell

Question 27

Vaults

Answer 27

Shuttles molecules from the nucleus to elsewhere in the cell

Question 28

What is a protein

Answer 28

A chain of amino acids aka polypeptides

Question 29

What are the three macromolecules within the extracellular matrix

Answer 29

1.) Collagen 2.)Elastin 3.) Fibronectin

Question 30

What are cell junctions

Answer 30

regina were cell comes into direct physical contact with other cells of the same tissue

Question 31

Name the different types of cell junctions

Answer 31

1.) Tight junctions 2.) Desmonomes 3.) Gap junctions

Question 32

Paracrine signalling

Answer 32

Produces signals to others via diffusion

Question 33

Autocrine signalling

Answer 33

Can produce signals to it self (Self stimulation)

Question 34

Hormonal signalling

Answer 34

Aecretes hormones that are released to produce a response in a set of other cells

Question 35

Neurohormonal signalling

Answer 35

Horomones released into the blood by neurosecatary neuron

Question 36

What is the process of catabolism

Answer 36

1.) Digestion 2.) Glycosis (Splitting of glucose) 3.) Citric acid cycle (leads to the production of ATP)

Question 37

What is oxidative phosphylaration.

Answer 37

The mechanic by which the energy produced from carbs fats and proteins is transferred to ATP

Question 38

Osmolality vs Osmolarity

Answer 38

Osmolality measures the mmol/kg of water (Weight) Osmolarity measures the mmol/L measuring the volume of water

Question 39

Explain NA-K Antiport system

Answer 39

Na moves out K moves in

Question 40

Which part of the cell is more negative at baseline

Answer 40

The inside of the cell is initially more negative

Question 41

During depolarization where does sodium go

Answer 41

Inside the cell

Question 42

What happens to K during repolarization

Answer 42

Outside the cell

Question 43

What are the four designated phases of the cell cycle and what occurs during each

Answer 43

1.) G1 phase - The cell grows and organelles does busness as usual 2.) S phase (Synthesis) - DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus (Duplicated) 3.) G2 phase (Gap) When RNA and protein synthesis occur organelles also duplicate 4.) M phase (Mitosis) - Includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic division

Question 44

What is the G0 phase

Answer 44

When cells are carrying out their regular function

Question 45

Describe the steps of the mitosis phase

Answer 45

Prophase - Chromosomes appear nuclear membrane disappear, spindle fibres pull chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell Metaphase - Chromosomes aline in the middle Anaphase - The chromosomes are pulled to seperate sides Telophase each group of 46 finds a nucleus and surouds it

Question 46

What is a ligand

Answer 46

A substance that binds to a receptor. (pg10)

Question 47

What is Amphipathic

Answer 47

One part is hydrophilic other is hydrophobic

Question 48

What is Endocyctosis

Answer 48

A section of the plasma membrane that enfolds substances from outside the cell and separate from the plasma membrane forming a vesicle that moves into the cell

Question 49

What is glycocalyx

Answer 49

Carbohydrate coating that is on the outer surface of the plasma membrane

Question 50

What is a Solute

Answer 50

Small particles of dissolved substances