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CNUR 803 > Chapter 1 Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

List 3 Characteristics of A Eukaryotic Cell

A

1.) Has a well defined nucleus
2.) Has organelles
3.) Has histones

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2
Q

List 3 Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells

A

1.) Has no organelles
2.) Has no distinct nucleus
3.) Has no histone

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3
Q

Examples of organisms with Eukaryotic cells

A

1.) Animals
2.) Plants
3.) Single Celled organisms (Fungi, protozoa, and most algae)

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4
Q

Examples of organisms with Prokaryotic cells

A

1.) Bacteria
2.) Cyanobacteria
3.) Rickettsia

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5
Q

What do histones do

A

Binds with DNA and are involved in the supercoiling of DNA

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6
Q

How do cells become specialized

A

Cell Differentiation

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7
Q

What are the 8 functions of a cell

A

1.) Movement
2.) Conductivity
3.) Metabolic Absorption
4.) Secretion
5.) Excretion
6.) Respiration
7.) Reproduction
8.) Communication

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8
Q

What are the three components of a typical eukaryotic cell

A

1.) Cell membrane
2.) Cytoplasm
3.) Organelles

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9
Q

What surrounds the nucleus

A

The nuclear envolope

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10
Q

What are nuclear pores

A

Holes in the nucleus that allow chemical messages to come in and out

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11
Q

What is inside the nucleus

A

Nucleolus, DNA, and Histones

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12
Q

What is in the nucleolus

A

Primarily RNA

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13
Q

What are histones

A

Proteins

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14
Q

Why are histones essential for cell division

A

They bind to DNA and cause it to fold into chromosomes thus decreasing the risk of breaks in the DNA chain

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the nucleus

A

1.) Cell division
2.) Controlling genetic information
3.) Replication and repair of DNA
4.)The transcription of the information stored in DNA

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16
Q

Where is genetic information transcribed

A

It is transcribed onto RNA, (which can be processed into carious forms of RNA such as messenger transport and ribosomal) and introduced into the cytoplasm where it directs cellular activities

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17
Q

What is the basic structure of cellular membranes

A

The phospholipid bilayer

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18
Q

What is Caveole and list 3 functions

A

Carole is tiny dimples located on the outside of the plasma membrane
1.) Serves as a storage site for many receptor,
2.) Provide a tiny route for transport into a cell
3.) Acts as an initiator for communicating signals from the extracelluar chemical into the cells interior

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19
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

They provide sites for cellular protein synthesis

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20
Q

What does the endoplasmic recticulim do

A

Synthesizes and transports protein and lipids components of most organelles

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21
Q

What is the Golgi complex

A

Network of smooth membrane and vesicle that processes and packages proteins into secatory vesicles that eventually migrate to various destination

22
Q

What are lysosomes

A

Originates in the Golgi complex and contains enzymes for digesting most cellular substances

23
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

Contains oxidative enzymes that produce or use hydrogen peroxide (Detoxify various wastes)

24
Q

Mitochondria

A

Structure that contain metabolic machinery needed for cellular energy

25
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Bone and muscle of a cell

26
Q

Caveolae

A

Cavesthat capture extracellular material and shuttle It inside the cell or across the cell

27
Q

Vaults

A

Shuttles molecules from the nucleus to elsewhere in the cell

28
Q

What is a protein

A

A chain of amino acids aka polypeptides

29
Q

What are the three macromolecules within the extracellular matrix

A

1.) Collagen
2.)Elastin
3.) Fibronectin

30
Q

What are cell junctions

A

regina were cell comes into direct physical contact with other cells of the same tissue

31
Q

Name the different types of cell junctions

A

1.) Tight junctions
2.) Desmonomes
3.) Gap junctions

32
Q

Paracrine signalling

A

Produces signals to others via diffusion

33
Q

Autocrine signalling

A

Can produce signals to it self (Self stimulation)

34
Q

Hormonal signalling

A

Aecretes hormones that are released to produce a response in a set of other cells

35
Q

Neurohormonal signalling

A

Horomones released into the blood by neurosecatary neuron

36
Q

What is the process of catabolism

A

1.) Digestion
2.) Glycosis (Splitting of glucose)
3.) Citric acid cycle (leads to the production of ATP)

37
Q

What is oxidative phosphylaration.

A

The mechanic by which the energy produced from carbs fats and proteins is transferred to ATP

38
Q

Osmolality vs Osmolarity

A

Osmolality measures the mmol/kg of water (Weight)
Osmolarity measures the mmol/L measuring the volume of water

39
Q

Explain NA-K Antiport system

A

Na moves out K moves in

40
Q

Which part of the cell is more negative at baseline

A

The inside of the cell is initially more negative

41
Q

During depolarization where does sodium go

A

Inside the cell

42
Q

What happens to K during repolarization

A

Outside the cell

43
Q

What are the four designated phases of the cell cycle and what occurs during each

A

1.) G1 phase - The cell grows and organelles does busness as usual
2.) S phase (Synthesis) - DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus (Duplicated)
3.) G2 phase (Gap) When RNA and protein synthesis occur organelles also duplicate
4.) M phase (Mitosis) - Includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic division

44
Q

What is the G0 phase

A

When cells are carrying out their regular function

45
Q

Describe the steps of the mitosis phase

A

Prophase - Chromosomes appear nuclear membrane disappear, spindle fibres pull chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell
Metaphase - Chromosomes aline in the middle
Anaphase - The chromosomes are pulled to seperate sides
Telophase each group of 46 finds a nucleus and surouds it

46
Q

What is a ligand

A

A substance that binds to a receptor. (pg10)

47
Q

What is Amphipathic

A

One part is hydrophilic other is hydrophobic

48
Q

What is Endocyctosis

A

A section of the plasma membrane that enfolds substances from outside the cell and separate from the plasma membrane forming a vesicle that moves into the cell

49
Q

What is glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate coating that is on the outer surface of the plasma membrane

50
Q

What is a Solute

A

Small particles of dissolved substances

51
Q
A

CNUR 803 (12 decks)

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