Chapter 10 Biology of Cancer

Question 1

What is Cancer disesases

Answer 1

A group of diseases each driven by unique genetic and epigenetic alterations

Question 2

What is a turmor

Answer 2

Abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled proliferation

Question 3

Benign vs Malignant Cancer

Answer 3

Benign : Grows slowly, well-defined capsule, not incase, well differentiated does not metastasize
Malignant tumour
Grow rapidly, not encapsulated, invade, poorly differentiated, high mitotic index, metastasize

Question 4

How are benign tumours named?

Answer 4

Benign tissues are named from where they arrive and they include the suffix -oma

Question 5

How are malignant tumours name?

Answer 5

They are named from where they arise

Question 6

Carcionoma origns

Answer 6

Epithelial tissueA

Question 7

Adenocarcinoma orignins

Answer 7

Ductal or glandular tissue

Question 8

Sarcoma origins

Answer 8

Mesnchymal tissue

Question 9

Lymphoma origins

Answer 9

Lymphatic tissue

Question 10

Leukemia

Answer 10

Blood forming cells

Question 11

What is anaplasia

Answer 11

The loss of cellular differentiation

Question 12

What is a pleomorphic cell

Answer 12

It is a cell with marked variability in size and shape

Question 13

Carcinoma in situ

Answer 13

Carcinoma that has not yet moved

Question 14

Cancer hallmarks include

Answer 14

Resisting cell death
sustained proliferative signalling
evading growth supressor, genomic instability
metastasis

Question 15

Enabling traits of Cancer

Answer 15

angiogenesis and reprogramming energy metabolism

Question 16

Stages of Cancers

Answer 16

Genetic mutations an microenvironental factors that transforms cells to cancers cells
Cancer cells expand mutates and diversify getting new function that promotes growth
3. Cancer spreads

Question 17

Characteristics of Cancer

Answer 17

Cancer arise from multiple genetic mutations tumours and made up of both cancerous and non cancerous cells

Question 18

Genetic changes in cancer

Answer 18

Can be small or large scale, epigenetic play a role, driver mutation propel cancer groeth

Question 19

How does cancer cell evolve

Answer 19

Cancer cells undergo a process of clonal expansion gaining a survival advantage

Question 20

ow does cancer cells interact with the invorment

Answer 20

They interact with surrounding stromal cells immune caells and other components creating a supportive environment that prevents cancer treament

Question 21

Protogenesis

Answer 21

Normal genes that direct protein synthesis and cellular growth

Question 22

What causes proliferative signals

Answer 22

Growth factos

Question 23

Oncongenes

Answer 23

Mutant genes that stimulate growth

Question 24

Tumor suppresor genes,

Answer 24

When cancer cells secreates the other growth factorsO

Question 25

Oncogene activation

Answer 25

Point mutation in RAS gene converts from regulated to unregulated growth

Question 26

Tumour suppression genes are

Answer 26

Anti oncogeners gene

Question 27

Because inactivation of tumour suppressor genes requires at least 2 mutations (finish sentence)

Answer 27

A single germ cell mutation results in the transmission of cancer caseing gene from one generation to the next

Question 28

What do caretake genes do

Answer 28

They encode for proteins that are involved in repairing DNA Damage

Question 29

Genomic instability can lead to

Answer 29

Silencing or modulation of gene function

Question 30

What is cancer cell life span

Answer 30

Immortal

Question 31

What are telomeres

Answer 31

Protective caps on each chromosome that eventually tell cells to stop divinding

Question 32

Over time does telomeres grow larger or small in normal physiologt

Answer 32

Smaller

Question 33

What is vgef

Answer 33

Secreted by chancers to promote growth of cancer

Question 34

What is waburg effect

Answer 34

Uses glycoside during normal breathing conditions allows products of glycoside to be used for rapid cell growth and activated by oncogenes

Question 35

Apoptosis regulation is important in

Answer 35

cancer survival by regaining ability to complete apoptosis that promotes the ability to fight cancers

Question 36

Relationship between cancer and inflammation

Answer 36

Inflammation increases chances of cancer

Question 37

Parenoplastic syndroms

Answer 37

Triggered by cancer but not caused by direct local effects of tumour, can be the earlierest indicator of cancer, symptoms are non specific

Question 38

Cachexia

Answer 38

Includes anorexia, early safety, weight loss, anemia, taste alteraitnos, altered protein lipid are carbohydrate metabolism

Question 39

Stages of Metatstasis

Answer 39

Stage 1 No metastasis Stage 2 Local invasion Stage 3 Spread to regional structures Stage 4 Distant metastasis

Question 40

Describe what the TNM syssten stand for

Answer 40

T - Primary tumor size and extent N for node involvement M for extent of distant metastasis

Question 41

T - Tumor size variations

Answer 41

T1 - 0-2 CM T2 2-5 CM T3- >5 CM T4 - Tumor has broken through skin or attached to chest wall

Question 42

N - Variations of lymph node status

Answer 42

N0- Surgeon can't feel any nodes N1 Surgeon can feel swollen nodes N2 Nodes feel swollen and lumpy N3 Seollen nodes located near collarbone

Question 43

M- Metastasis Variation

Answer 43

M0- Tested nodes are cancer-free M-1 Tested nodes show cancer cells or micro metastasis

Question 44

Why is a neoplasm

Answer 44

A new growth

Question 45

Mutations in (proto-oncogenes, oncogenes) that converts them to (oncogenes, prontooncogenes) drive the develpoment of cancer by causing uncontrolled cell growth

Answer 45

Proto oncogenes Oncogenes

Question 46

Progression form a benign polyp to a malignant tumor requires how many mutations 1,2, or multiple

Answer 46

multiples

Question 47

The normal (oncogene, protonconges) was becomes the (oncogenes, protooncogens) was when a mutation makes the RAS protein active all the time

Answer 47

Proto oncogenes oncogenes

Question 48

Malignant tumors in the colon most commonly metasize to the

Answer 48

Liver

Question 49

In the presence of oxygen normal cells metabolsze glucose by

Answer 49

Oxidative phosphylorization

Question 50

Cancer cells metabolizes glucose byq

Answer 50

Glycolysis

Question 51

For a cell to become cancerous (simultaneous, stepwise mutations must occur in its (genes, enzymes)

Answer 51

Stepwise, genes

Question 52

(Acute, chronic) inflammation predisposes to development of cancer

Answer 52

Chronic

Question 53

The TNM system is used to (grade, stage) cancer

Answer 53

Stage