Chapter 5

Question 1

abolitionist

Answer 1

A supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery.

Question 2

affirmative action

Answer 2

Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.

Question 3

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Answer 3

A law enacted by Congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodations and access for people with a wide range of disabilities.

Question 4

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Answer 4

U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law.

Question 5

Cesar Chavez

Answer 5

Labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s.

Question 6

civil rights

Answer 6

The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.

Question 7

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 7

A law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the U.S. from China.

Question 8

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 8

Passed by Congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.

Question 9

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 9

Wide-ranging legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Question 10

Dolores Huerta

Answer 10

Labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s.

Question 11

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Answer 11

A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.

Question 12

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Answer 12

The thirty-four president, a Republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded Allied Forces during World War II.

Question 13

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 13

First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S.’s first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights.

Question 14

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 14

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Stanton later founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) with Susan B. Anthony.

Question 15

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 15

President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War. It freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the United States.

Question 16

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 16

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work.

Question 17

equal protection clause

Answer 17

Section of the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws.”

Question 18

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Answer 18

Proposed amendment to the Constitution that states “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abriged by the United States or any state on account of sex.”

Question 19

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 19

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves.

Question 20

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 20

One of the three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. citizens.

Question 21

Frederick Douglass

Answer 21

A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist.

Question 22

grandfather clause

Answer 22

Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test.

Question 23

Harriet Tubman

Answer 23

Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad. She led more than seventy people to freedom in the North, served in the Union during the Civil War, and championed women’s suffrage.

Question 24

Harry S. Truman

Answer 24

The thirty-third president, a Democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. Truman became president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War.

Question 25

intermediate standard of review

Answer 25

A standard of review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantially related to serving that objective. Gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review.

Question 26

Jim Crow laws

Answer 26

Laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.

Question 27

John F. Kennedy

Answer 27

The thirty-fifth president, a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in U.S. politics at the height of the Cold War. He was assassinated November 22, 1963.

Question 28

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)

Answer 28

A Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of the U.S. government to require mass interment of people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during World War II.

Question 29

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Answer 29

A 2003 Supreme Court ruling that anti-sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy.

Question 30

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

Answer 30

An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin.

Question 31

LGBT community

Answer 31

A minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people.

Question 32

Lucretia Mott

Answer 32

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

Question 33

Martin Luther King Jr.

Answer 33

A Baptist minister, proponent of nonviolence, and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968.

Question 34

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)

Answer 34

An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage.

Question 35

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 35

Organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations.

Question 36

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Answer 36

An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans.

Question 37

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)

Answer 37

The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases.

Question 38

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Answer 38

The leading activist group of the women’s rights movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.

Question 39

National Woman’s Party (NWP)

Answer 39

A militant suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth century. Members of the NWP were arrested, jailed, and even force-fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women.

Question 40

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 40

Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote.

Question 41

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 41

Supreme Court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution.

Question 42

Plessy v. Fegurson (1896)

Answer 42

Supreme Court case that challenged a Louisiana State requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the Court found that separate-but-equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 43

poll tax

Answer 43

Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot.

Question 44

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

Answer 44

A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the United States.

Question 45

rational basis standard for review

Answer 45

A standard of review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting the individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review.

Question 46

Rosa Parks

Answer 46

A leading civil rights activist of the twentieth century. Parks was most notably involved with the Montogomery Bus Boycott.

Question 47

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 47

The first major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848, which produced the historic “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for equal rights for women.

Question 48

separate-but-equal doctrine

Answer 48

The central tenet of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution. This doctrine was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century.

Question 49

standards of review

Answer 49

The levels of defence the Court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the Court’s need to ensure that laws do not undermine the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause.

Question 50

strict scrutiny

Answer 50

A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review.

Question 51

suffrage movement

Answer 51

The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.

Question 52

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 52

Nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Anthony later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which along with the National Woman’s Party (NWP) helped to ensure ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Question 53

suspect classifications

Answer 53

Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court.

Question 54

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 54

One of the three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States.

Question 55

Title IX

Answer 55

Provision of the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that recieve federal funds from discriminating against female students.

Question 56

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 56

A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall was the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court and served on the Court from 1967 until 1991.

Question 57

United States v. Windsor (2013)

Answer 57

A Supreme Court ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriages.