Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Chapter 5 - Eukaryotic Cells And Microorganisms > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Eukaryotic Cells And Microorganisms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What originated from more primitive cells that became trapped in eukaryotic cells?

A

Organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The first primitive eukaryotes were _______ and _______.

A

Single celled and independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What became specialized to perform a particular function in a colony?

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two multicellular organisms that evolved when cells lost their ability to survive apart from the colony?

A

Tissues

Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What eukaryotic organism is always unicellular?

A

Protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What kind of eukaryotic organism can be unicelllar or multicellular?

A

Fungi

Algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is found in some eukaryotic cells?

A

Cell wall
Locomotor appendages
Chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is found in eukaryotic cells?

A 
Cytoplasmic membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vacuoles
Cytoskeleton
Glycocalyx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which is 10x thicker? Bacterial or eukaryotic flagella

A

Eukaryotic Flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which is covered by an extension of the cell membrane and is structurally more complex? Eukaryotic or Bacterial flagella

A

Eukaryotic flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is similar in overall structure to flagella?

A

Cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is shorter and more numerous- up to several thousand in some cells?

A

Cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is found in a single group of Protozoa and certain animal cells, as well as functions as feeding and filtering structures on some cells?

A

Cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment?

A

The glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is another name for the glycocalyx?

A

Extra cellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is composed of polysaccharides and has the appearance of network fibers, slime layers, and a capsule?

A

The Glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are cell walls found?

A

Fungi and algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The cell wall has a different _______ than _____ cell walls.

A

Composition

Bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the cell wall composed of in fungi?

A

Chiming or cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a typical bilayer of phospholipids embedded with embedded protein molecules called?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane contains what?

A

Sterols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane has what kind of barrier?

A

Selective permeable barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The cytoplasmic membrane has a sophisticated _____ for transporting _______ in and _______ and other products out.

A

Mechanism
Nutrients
Waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What else is the Nucleus known as?

A

The control center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What separated the cytoplasm from the Nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What stains more intensely due to its RNA content?

A

Nucleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis called?

A

Nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What supplies the bulk of the energy of a cell?

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What else does Mitochondria go by?

A

Energy Generators of the Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the structure of Cristae in Mitochondria

A

Folds on the inner membrane that hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the Matrix of Mitochondria

A

holds ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes and other compounds used in metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What divides independently of the cell and contains circular strands of DNA?

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What characteristics provide evidence that Mitochondria were cells engulfed by other cells and became organelles?

A

Divide independently of the cell

Contain circular strands of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What organelle is capable of converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the photosynthetic role of chloroplasts?

A

Primary producers of all organic nutrients

Primary producers of oxygen gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is another title for ribosomes?

A

Protein Synthesizers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is distributed throughout the cell and scattered freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton?

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where are Ribosomes attached to?

A

RER- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are short chains of ribosomes called?

A

Polyribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How are eukaryotic ribosomes similar to bacterial ribosomes?

A

They both have large and small subunits of ribonucleoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What functions as an anchor for organelles, moves RNA and vesicles, and permits shape changes and movement?

A

The cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How many types of cytoskeleton are there?

A

Actin filaments, Intermediate filaments, and Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

There is approximately how many species of fungi?

A

5 million species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how many groups of fungi are there?

A

Two groups- Macro and Microscopic

45
Q

Examples of Macroscopic fungi?

A

Mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi

46
Q

What are examples of microscopic fungi?

A

Molds and yeast

47
Q

What kind of cells are round to oval shape and uses asexual reproduction?

A

Yeast Cell

48
Q

What are long, thread-like cells found in filamentous fungi or molds?

A

Hyphae

49
Q

What is a chain of yeast called?

A

Pseudohyphae

50
Q

What is a fungi called that can take either form, and will grow as yeast at one temperature but as mold at another temperature?

A

Dimorphism

51
Q

What acquires nutrients from a wide variety of substrates?

A

Heterotrophic

52
Q

What are saprobes?

A

A fungal nutrition that obtains substrate from dead plants and animals

53
Q

What lives on the bodies of living animals or plants?

A

Parasites

54
Q

What grow in loose associations or colonies?

A

Most microscopic fungi

55
Q

What is Mycelium?

A

the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

56
Q

What is septa?

A

cross walls dividing hyphae into segments

57
Q

What are spores?

A

fungal reproductive bodies

58
Q

What should fungals spores not be confused for?

A

Should not be confused with the more resistant, nonreproductive bacterial endospores

59
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

Separated piece of mycelium can generate a whole new colony

60
Q

How do most fungal infections occur>

A

Occurs through accidental contact with soil, water, or dust

61
Q

What are community acquired infections caused by?

A

Environmental pathogenic fungi or pathogens

62
Q

Hospital-associated infections are caused by?

A

Fungal pathogens in clinical settings

63
Q

What infections are caused by pathogens that infect already weakened individuals?

A

Opportunity infections

64
Q

What are some other medical conditions caused by fungi?

A

Allergies and Neurological conditions due to toxin production

65
Q

What is an essential role for Fungi?

A

Essential role in decomposing organic matter and returning essential minerals to the soil

66
Q

What is a positive impact of fungi?

A

Production of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, and vitamins

67
Q

What can fungi produce?

A

Alcohol in beer and wine, gas that causes bread to rise

68
Q

What are some negative impacts of fungi?

A

A number of species are pathogenic to corn and grain

40% of the fruit crop each year is consumed by fungi

69
Q

Algae and protozoa have been traditionally combined into what Kingdom?

A

The Kingdom Protista

70
Q

The kingdom Protista is divided into two sub kingdoms called?

A

Subkingdom Algae

Subkingdom Protozoa

71
Q

What is a protist?

A

any eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues

72
Q

Seaweed and kelp are the most recognizable example of?

A

photosynthetic organisms

73
Q

What is a widespread of inhabitants of fresh and marine water called?

A

Algae

74
Q

Algae is a floating _____ of ____ organisms.

A

Community and microscopic

75
Q

What produces most of the Earths oxygen and is essential in the aquatic food web?

A

Algae

76
Q

A Primary medical threat from algae is through ingestion of toxins during a?

A

Red Tide

77
Q

The Protozoa include how many species?

A

About 65000 species

78
Q

What has most members that are harmless inhabitants of the water and is primarily free living?

A

Protozoa

79
Q

Organelles can be highly specialized into structures analogous to:

A

Mouths
Digestive systems
Reproductive tracts
Legs—means of locomotion

80
Q

Single cells containing all major _______ organelles except ________

A

eukaryotic

chloroplasts

81
Q

What scavenge dead plant or animal debris and graze on live cells of bacteria and algae?

A

Free-living species

82
Q

What species live on fluids of the host such as plasma and digestive juices and may actively feed on tissues?

A

Parasitic species

83
Q

What serve as feeding structures and has Amoeboid motion?

A

Pseudopods (“false feet”)

84
Q

What varies in number from one to several?

A

Flagella

85
Q

What is distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteristic patterns?

A

Cilia

86
Q

What has a motile feeding stage and requires ample food and moisture to remain active?

A

Trophozoite

87
Q

What has a dormant, resting stage, formed when conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding and is am important factor in spread of disease?

A

Cyst

88
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Form of genetic exchange between two cells

89
Q

What reproduces in three ways such as mitosis(asexual), multiple fission, and sexual?

A

Protozoan

90
Q

Most protozoa can be identified to the level of genus because of their?

A

Unique appearance

91
Q

What is considered when identifying protozoan?

A

Shape and size of cell
Type, number, and distribution of locomotor structures
Presence of special organelles or cysts
Number of nuclei

92
Q

What is Parasitology?

A

study of protozoa and helminths

93
Q

What is a term most often used to denote protozoan and helminth pathogens?

A

Parasite

94
Q

What is Trypanosoma brucei?

A

African Sleeping Sickness

95
Q

What is Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Chagas disease

96
Q

Examples of the Parasitic Helminths?

A

Tapeworms
Flukes
Roundworms
Flatworms

97
Q

What is the complete life cycle of a helminth?

A

Fertilized egg
Larval stage
Adult stage

98
Q

Majority of helminths derive _____ and reproduce _____ in the host’s body

A

Nutrients

Sexually

99
Q

What are Nematodes?

A

sexes have different morphologies

100
Q

What are Trematodes?

A

sexes are separate or hermaphroditic

101
Q

Hermaphroditic means?

A

Male and female sex organs in the same worm

102
Q

What are Cestodes?

A

generally hermaphroditic

103
Q

What is the first life cycle of a helminth?

A

Transmission of an egg or larva to the body of another host, either a different or the same species

104
Q

What is the second life cycle of a helminth?

A

Intermediate (secondary) host: the host in which larval development occurs

105
Q

What is the third life cycle of a helminth?

A

Definitive (final) host: host in which adulthood and mating occur

106
Q

What are sources of human infection?

A

Food, soil, water, infected animals

107
Q

What are routes of infection?

A

Oral intake or penetration of unbroken skin

108
Q

What causes a very common infestation of the large intestine. Ranges from 2 to 12 mm long, is tapered and/or curved cylinder shape, and is a simple uncomplicated infection that does not spread past the intestines?

A

Pinworm

Microbiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions