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Microbiology > Chapter 1 - The Main Themes Of Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Main Themes Of Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

Another word for microbes?

A

Microorganisms

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3
Q

How many groups of microorganisms are there?

A

5

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4
Q

What are the 5 Major group types of microorganisms?

A

Algae, bacteria, Protozoa, helminths, fungi

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5
Q

What are noncellular, parasitic, protein-coated

genetic elements that cause harm to host cells?

A

Viruses

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6
Q

What reproduces rapidly?

A

Microbes

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7
Q

Microbes are a large population that can be grown where?

A

Laboratory

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8
Q

An addition to microscopes, what must be analyzed through indirect methods?

A

Microbes

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9
Q

What branch of microbiology deals with microbes that cause diseases in humans and animals?

A

Medical Microbiology

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10
Q

Which branch monitors and controls the spread of diseases in communities?

A

Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology

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11
Q

What branch deals with complex webs of protective substances and cells produced in response to infection?

A

Immunology

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12
Q

Immunologists assist with what?

A

Vaccinations, blood testing, and allergy

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13
Q

What do immunologist look for

in regards to Cancer and autoimmune diseases?

A

They look at how the immune system effect such diseases

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14
Q

What branch safeguards our foods and water?

A

Industrial Microbiology

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15
Q

Industrial Microbiology uses what kind of technology?

A

Biotechnology

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16
Q

Industrial microbiologists use microbes to create what?

A

Amino acids, beer, drugs, enzymes, and vitamins

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17
Q

What branch specializes in plant an animals?

A

Agricultural microbiology

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18
Q

Agricultural microbiologists research the relationship between ___ and ___?

A

Domesticated plants animals

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19
Q

Who study’s the effects of microbes on the Earth’s diverse habitats?

A

Environmental microbiologists

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20
Q

Aquatic, soil, and geomicrobiology, and astrobiology are specimens ___ studies?

A

Environmental microbiologists

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21
Q

What shaped the development of the earth’s habitats and the evolution of other life forms for billions of years?

A

Microbes

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22
Q

What arose 3.5 billion years ago?

A

Single -celled organisms

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23
Q

Who arose from the Last universal Common ancestor?

A

Bacteria,archaea and eukaryotes

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24
Q

Cells with a nucleus are classified as?

A

Eukaryotes

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25
Q

True nucleus is called?

A

Eukary

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26
Q

Pre nucleus is called?

A

Prokary

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27
Q

What does not have a nucleus and is considered a prokaryote?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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28
Q

Why are bacteria and archaea no longer classified as prokaryotes?

A

Genetically distant

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29
Q

Where are Bacteria found?

A

Deep in the earth’s crust, polar ice caps, oceans, inside the bodies of plants and animals

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30
Q

Bacteria are considered?

A

Ubiquitous- Found in abundance

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31
Q

What is the accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments?

A

Evolution

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32
Q

What are microbes deeply involved in?

A

Deeply involved in the flow of energy and food through the earth’s ecosystems

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33
Q

What allowed microbial species to diversify?

A

The production of oxygen

34
Q

What are photosynthetic microorganisms?

A

Bacteria and algae

35
Q

What is considered to be anoxygenic photosynthesis?

36
Q

What contributes to 70% of the Earth’s photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthetic microOrganisms (bacteria and algae)

37
Q

What contributes to the majority of the oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

Photosynthetic microorganisms

38
Q

What is decomposition?

A

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes

39
Q

What is decomposition accomplished by?

A

Bacteria and Fungi

40
Q

What drives the structure and content of soil, water, and atmosphere?

41
Q

Bacteria and fungi live in complex associations with what?

A

Plants and animals

42
Q

Microbes drive the production of what substance?

43
Q

What has been used for thousands of years to improve life ad even shape civilizations?

A

Microorganisms

44
Q

Yeast is used for the production of what?

A

Bread, wine, and beer

45
Q

What produces cheese?

46
Q

What did the Egyptians use to treat wounds?

A

Moldy bread

47
Q

What is the manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting?

A

Biotechnology

48
Q

Genetic Engineering manipulates the genetics of what?

A

Microbes, plants, and animals

49
Q

What is Genetic engineering used for?

A

The purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organism (GMOs)

50
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

A

Technique that allow the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA

51
Q

Using microbes in the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants?

A

Bioremediation

52
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Any agent such as virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth that causes disease

53
Q

How many microbes can cause disease?

A

Nearly 2000

54
Q

How is Malaria transmitted?

A

mosquitoes

55
Q

What is bigger Bacterial and Archaeal cells or Eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells- Bacterial and archaeal cells are 10x smaller

56
Q

The majority of what is considered single-celled?

A

Microorganism

57
Q

What are Parasitic worms called?

58
Q

Are helminths considered microorganisms?

A

No but are included in the study if infectious disease

59
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

Living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material.

60
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

General approach taken by scientists to explain a natural phenomenon

61
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A tentative explanation to account for what has been observed or measured

62
Q

What is a theory?

A

A collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event that has stood the test of time and has yet to be disproved by serious scientific endeavors

63
Q

What are found in air and dust?

A

Microbes as well as located in earth and its waters

64
Q

Ferdinand Cohn discovered what?

A

Bacterial endospores

65
Q

What is called completely free of all life forms including endospores and virus particles?

66
Q

Who linked a specific microorganism with a specific disease?

A

Robert Koch

67
Q

Joseph Lister utilized what?

A

First to utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals

68
Q

Who verified the germ theory of disease?

A

Robert Koch

69
Q

Koch ‘s Postulates steps

A

Observe sample, take disease from dead host, places in new host, observe to watch if it accumulates in new host and is identical to original disease

70
Q

Define nomenclature

A

The assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms

71
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

A combination of the generic (genus) and species name

72
Q

How is the binomial system written?

A

Genus are is capitalized and species name begins with lower case letter, italicized

73
Q

How are organisms classified?

A

The orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa

74
Q

What is taxa?

A

Categories

75
Q

How are organisms identified?

A

Discovering and recording the traits of organisms

76
Q

What is the most inclusive level of classification?

77
Q

What is the lease inclusive classification?

78
Q

Levels of classification in order are?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum or Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

79
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of classifying biological species

80
Q

how is taxonomy used?

A

Used to organize all of the forms of modern and extinct life

81
Q

What is the taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between groups of living things?

Microbiology (8 decks)

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