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Microbiology > Chapter 4 - Bacteria And Archaea > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Bacteria And Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

How do Bacteria and archaea package DNA?

A

Bacteria and archaea have nuclear material that is red in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

How do Eukaryotes package DNA?

A

Eukaryotes have a nucleus

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3
Q

Whose cell wall is made of peptidoglycan?

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

Whose cell wall is distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes?

A

Archaea

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5
Q

Who has no membrane-bound organelles?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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6
Q

What is the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

A thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool.

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7
Q

Bacterial chromosome (nucleoid)

A

Composed of condensed DNA molecules.

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8
Q

What directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins?

A

DNA

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the site of protein synthesis

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Water based solution filling the entire cell

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11
Q

S layer

A

Monolayer of protein used for protection and/or attachment

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12
Q

Fimbriae

A

Fine, hairlike bristles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surface

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13
Q

Outer Membrane

A

Extra membrane similar to cytoplasmic membrane but also containing lipopolysaccharide.

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14
Q

What does the outer membrane do?

A

Controls flow of materials, and portions of it are toxic to mammals when released.

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15
Q

Cell Wall

A

A semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell.

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16
Q

Actin Cytoskeleton

A

Long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell just inside the cytoplasmic membrane.

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17
Q

Actin Cytoskeleton contributes to what?

A

The shape of the cell

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18
Q

Pilus

A

An appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it.

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19
Q

Capsule

A

A coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of a capsule?

A

The capsule serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions.

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21
Q

What is another name for Capsule?

A

Slime layer or glycocalyx

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22
Q

Inclusion/Granule

A

Storied nutrients such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals or particles that can be tapped into when needed.

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23
Q

Bacterial Microcompartments

A

Protein-coated packets used to localize enzymes and other proteins in the cytoplasm.

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24
Q

Plasmid

A

Double-stranded DNA circle containing extra genes.

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25
Q

Flagellum

A

Specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that hold a long, rotating filament.

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26
Q

What is does the rotating filament of flagellum do?

A

The movement pushes the cell forward and provides motility

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27
Q

Bacterial cells are capable of carrying out what necessary life activities?

A

Reproduction, metabolism, and nutrient processing

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28
Q

What is it called when bacteria’s act as groups?

A

Colonies or biofilms.

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29
Q

What is a noncellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that cause harm to host cells?

A

Viruses

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30
Q

How many general shapes are there for bacteria?

A

3

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31
Q

What shape is spheres, oval, bean-shaped, and pointed?

A

Coccus

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32
Q

What shape is Cylindrical, filamentous, and club shaped?

A

Bacillus

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33
Q

What bacteria shape is curved?

A

Vibrio

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34
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

Variations in size and shape among cells of a single species.

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35
Q

What are diplococci?

A

Pairs

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36
Q

What is a tetras?

A

Groups of four

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37
Q

What is an irregular clusters called?

A

Staphylococci

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38
Q

What are chains of a few to hundreds of cells?

A

Streptococci

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39
Q

What is sarcina?

A

Cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells.

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40
Q

What is diplobacilli?

A

pairs of cells with their ends attached.

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41
Q

What is Streptobacilli?

A

Chains of cells

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42
Q

What are cells of a chain that remain partially attached and fold back, creating a side by side row of cells?

A

Palisades

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43
Q

How many groups of appendages are there?

A

Two major groups: flagella and axial filaments/ fimbriae and pili

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44
Q

What do flagella and axial filaments provide?

A

Motility

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45
Q

What do Fimbriae and pili provide?

A

Provides attachment points and channels.

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46
Q

What does the basal body do?

A

Basal body anchors the hook to the cell body.

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47
Q

What is a polar flagellar arrangement?

A

Flagella attached at one or both ends of the cell.

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48
Q

What is a single flagellum called?

A

Monotrichous

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49
Q

What are small bunches or tufts of flagellum called?

A

Lophotrichous

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50
Q

What is amphitrichous?

A

Flagella at both poles of the cell

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51
Q

What is peritrichous?

A

Flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

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52
Q

What is the movement in response to chemical signals called?

A

Chemotaxis

53
Q

What is positive chemotaxis?

A

Movement of a cell in the direction of a favorable chemical stimulus.

54
Q

What is a movement of a cell away from a repellant or potentially harmful compound?

A

Negative chemotaxis

55
Q

What is the movement toward light?

A

Phototaxis

56
Q

What does run mean?

A

Counterclockwise movement of the flagella, swims in smooth, linear direction towards stimulus.

57
Q

What is tumble?

A

Flagellum reverses direction, causes cell to stop and change course, increase number of runs.

58
Q

What is an axial filament?

A

Two or more long coiled threads found in spirochetes

59
Q

What does attachment enhance in some bacteria?

A

Pathogenicity

60
Q

Pilus (Plural: pili)

A

Associated with gram-negative bacteria

61
Q

What provides adhesion but not locomotion?

62
Q

What is the partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another?

A

Conjugation

63
Q

What does fimbriae (plural: fimbriae) do?

A

Provide adhesion but not locomotion

64
Q

What are small, bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface of certain species of bacteria?

65
Q

What is fimbriae responsible for?

A

The formation of biofilms

66
Q

What do Escherichia Coli and the gonococcus use fimbriae for?

A

Use fimbriae to adhere to epithelial cells.

67
Q

Whose composition varies, but most contain protein?

68
Q

Pili is also known as what?

69
Q

What is the structure of pili?

A

Long, rigid tubular structure made of pillin protein.

70
Q

When is pili found?

A

Only found in gram-negative bacteria.

71
Q

When is pili used?

A

Used in conjugation, the partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another

72
Q

How is the production of pili formed?

A

Genetically

73
Q

Endospores are constantly doing what where sterility and cleanliness are important?

A

Constant intruders

74
Q

What resists ordinary cleaning methods such as boiling water, soaps, and disinfectants?

A

Endospores

75
Q

What is the structure of an S layer?

A

Thousands of copies of single protein linked together and

76
Q

When is S layer produced?

A

Only produced in hostile environments

77
Q

What is S layer used for?

A

Used in attachment

78
Q

Define Glycocalyx

A

A filamentous network off carbohydrate-rich molecules that coat cells

79
Q

What does the Slime layer protect the cell from?

A

Protects cell from loss of water and nutrients and is loosely placed around the cell.

80
Q

What is more tightly bound to the cell then the S layer?

81
Q

What protects the cell from phagocytosis?

A

Capsule and it is thicker then the slime layer

82
Q

What forms capsules?

A

Capsules are formed by pathogenic bacteria

83
Q

What do capsules protect bacteria from?

A

Capsules protect bacteria against phagocytes white blood cells

84
Q

Plaque protect bacteria on teeth is an example of what?

85
Q

What infects long-term indwelling of artificial devices?

86
Q

What is composed of the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and outer membrane?

A

Cell Envelope

87
Q

Where is the site of ATP synthesis?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

88
Q

The cell envelope acts as a what kind of unit?

A

A single protective unit

89
Q

What is composed of unique lipids?

A

Bulk of cell walls of Mycobacterium and Nocardia are composed of unique lipids

90
Q

What is a very-long-chain fatty acid, contributes to pathogenicity, makes them resistant to chemicals and dyes?

A

Mycolic or cord factor

91
Q

What is used to diagnose tuberculosis and leprosy?

A

Acid-fast stain

92
Q

What naturally lacks a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma

93
Q

What has a membrane that is stabilized by sterols and is resistant to lysis?

A

Mycoplasma

94
Q

What is a lipopolysaccharide?

A

Polysaccharide chain that functions as cell markers and receptors

95
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

It stimulates fever and shock reactions

96
Q

What anchors the outer membrane to peptidoglycan?

A

Lipoproteins

97
Q

What spans the outer membrane, allows relatively small molecules to penetrate, can be altered in size to block harmful chemicals, and defend against certain antibiotics?

A

Porin Protein

98
Q

What is embedded with proteins and made of 30 to 40% phospholipids and 60 to 70% proteins?

A

Lipid Bilayer

99
Q

What contains a high amount of sterols, stabilizes and reinforces the membrane?

A

Mycoplasmas

100
Q

Archaea contains unique branched _____ rather than ____?

A

Hydrocarbons and fatty acids

101
Q

What functions as energy reactions, nutrient processing, synthesis, and regular transport of nutrients into the cell and discharge of wast?

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane

102
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

Water and small uncharged molecules diffuse freely

103
Q

Selective permeability allows for _____ ______ _______ to exist for passage of most molecules.

A

Special carrier mechanisms

104
Q

What is more difficult to kill than Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria

105
Q

Infections with _______ bacteria are treated differently than infections with _____.

A

Gram-positive

Gram-negative

106
Q

Outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria make them impervious to ________.

A

Antimicrobial chemicals

107
Q

What can interact with human tissues and cause disease?

A

The cell envelope

108
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

It’s a gelatinous solution contained by the cytoplasmic membrane

109
Q

What is the prominent site for the cell’s biochemical and enzymatic activities?

110
Q

What is 70 to 80% water, that contains complex mixtures of sugars, amino acids, and salts, that also contains chromatin, ribosomes, granules, and fibers that act as cytoskeleton?

111
Q

What is made of a single circular strand of DNA?

A

Bacterial chromosome

112
Q

What is aggregated a dense area of bacterial chromosome?

113
Q

What is DNA tightly coiled around to fit in the cell compartment?

A

Basic protein molecules

114
Q

What’re nonessential pieces of DNA, that are duplicated and passed on to offspring during replication?

115
Q

What has separate, double-stranded circles of DNA, and confer protective traits?

116
Q

Plasmids is an important agent in what?

A

Genetic engineering

117
Q

What do bacterial endospores facilitate?

A

Facilitate survival

118
Q

What kind of conditions can endospores withstand?

A

Hostile conditions

119
Q

What resists heating, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals?

A

Endospores

120
Q

What happens when there is a depletion of nutrients, especially carbon and nitrogen sources?

A

Stimulates endospore formation

121
Q

What is a sporangium?

A

A sporulating cell

122
Q

When does germination begin for endospores?

A

When favorable conditions arise

123
Q

The germination agent of endospores stimulates the formation of __________ that break down the cortex.

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

124
Q

_______ rehydrates and takes up _______ and ________ grows out of the endospores coat.

A

Core
Nutrients
Bacterium

125
Q

What is Bacillus anthracis?

126
Q

What is Clostridium tetani?

A

Tetanus (lock jaw)

127
Q

What is c. Difficile?

A

Pseudomembranous coli

128
Q

What is C. Perfringens?

A

Gas gangrene

129
Q

What is C. botulinum?

Microbiology (8 decks)

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