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Microbiology > Chapter 3 - Tools Of The Laboratory > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Tools Of The Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Five I’s

A

Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification

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2
Q

What is a culture?

A

Cultivation of micoorganisms, appears in or on the medium after incubation

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3
Q

What is a nutrient-containing environment in which microbes can multiply?

A

Medium (plural: media)

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4
Q

What is inoculation?

A

Introduction of microbes into media for culture

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5
Q

What is it called when an instrument for sampling or inoculation is considered free of microbes?

A

Sterile

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6
Q

What is incubation?

A

The use of an incubator to create the proper growth temperature and other conditions.

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7
Q

What does microbial growth in liquid medium look like?

A

Cloudiness, sediment, scum, color

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8
Q

What does microbial growth on solid medium look like?

A

Colonies: visible masses of piled-up cells

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9
Q

What is the usual temperatures used in labs?

A

20 to 45°C

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10
Q

What is another word for sterile?

A

Aseptic meaning without contamination

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11
Q

What are the three categories of media classification?

A

Physical State, Chemical composition, and Functional Type(purpose)

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12
Q

What category is liquid, semisolid, and solid classified in?

A

Physical State

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13
Q

What is liquid media?

A

Water-based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing and flow freely in a tilted container

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14
Q

What physical state exhibits a clot-like consistency at room temperature?

A

Semisolid media

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15
Q

What is used to determine motility of bacteria

A

Semisolid media

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16
Q

What does semisolid media localize a reaction to?

A

Specific site

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17
Q

What provides a firm surface upon which cells can form discrete colonies?

A

Solid media?

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18
Q

What does solid media isolate?

A

Bacteria and fungi

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19
Q

What is a complex polysaccharide isolated form the red alga Gelidium?

A

Agar

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20
Q

What does it mean when a medium has agar in its name?

A

The medium contains 1 to 5% agar

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21
Q

What is the media called whose exact compositions are known?

A

Defined (synthetic) media

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22
Q

Defined media may contain what compounds that do not very from one source to another?

A

Pure and inorganic compounds

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23
Q

Complex media contains at least one components that is what?

A

Chemically definable

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24
Q

Which media contains extracts of animals, plants, or yeasts?

A

Complex media

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25
Q

Blood, serum, meat extracts or infusions, milky, yeast extract, soybeans digest, and peptone are considered examples of what?

A

Complex media

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26
Q

What is in a rich mixture of nutrients for microbes that have complex nutritional needs?

A

Nutrient broth, blood agar, and MacConkey agar

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27
Q

What media grows as a broad spectrum of microbes?

A

General purpose media (nonselective)

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28
Q

General purpose media is a complex media that contains a mixture of ingredients that support what?

A

A wide variety of microbial life

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29
Q

What is enriched media?

A

Contains complex organic substances that fastidious bacteria require for growth

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30
Q

Selective Media contains one or more agents that do what?

A

Inhibit the growth of certain microbes

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31
Q

What media is important in primary isolation of a certain type of microorganism from a mixed sample?

A

Selective Media

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32
Q

What does differential media do?

A

Allow multiple types of microorganism to grow, but display visible difference between colonies

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33
Q

What media shows differences in colony size or color, media color changes, or formation of gas bubbles or precipitates?

A

Differential media

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34
Q

Why are possible reasons for variations in differential media?

A

Variations may be due to metabolism of certain ingredients that cause color change

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35
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

Enzymes that lyse (break down) red blood cells to release iron-rich hemoglobin

36
Q

What blood agar is the complete lysis of red blood cells?

A

Beta hemolysis

37
Q

What blood agar is the incomplete lysis of red blood cells (methemoglobin)?

A

Alpha hemolysis

38
Q

What blood agar has no hemolysis?

A

Gamma hemolysis

39
Q

What media’s can be both selective and differential?

A

MacConkey Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar

40
Q

MacConkey Agar helps to differentiate between what?

A

lactose fermenters and non-fermenters

41
Q

What are miscellaneous media’s called?

A

Reducing media and carbohydrate fermentation media

42
Q

What media grows anaerobic bacteria?

A

Reducing media

43
Q

What media contains sugars that can be fermented and pH indicators to show fermentation?

A

Carbohydrate fermentation media

44
Q

What is a colony?

A

A discrete mound of cells formed on solid nutrient surface

45
Q

What consists of just one species and no other if formed from a single cell?

46
Q

What is a pure culture?

A

A container of medium that contains only a single known species or type of microorganism

47
Q

What is free of other living things except for the one being studied?

48
Q

What is a second-level culture from a well isolated colony?

A

Subculture

49
Q

What is a mixed culture?

A

A container that holds two or more identified, easily differentiated species of microorganisms

50
Q

What kind of culture is on that was once pure or mixed that now contains contaminants, or unwanted microbes of uncertain identity?

A

Contaminated culture

51
Q

What determines fundamental chemical characteristics such as nutrient requirement, products given off during growth, presence of enzymes, and mechanisms for deriving energy?

A

Biochemical test

52
Q

What does genotypic testing do?

A

Detects microbes based on their DNA

53
Q

Testing the isolate against known antibodies is?

A

Immunologic testing

54
Q

How are microbial profiles determined?

A

Determined by phenotypic testing, genotypic testing, immunologic testing, macroscopic analysis, and microscopic analysis

55
Q

How are dimensions of macroscopic organisms given?

A

Meters (m) and centimeters (cm)

56
Q

What are the dimensions of microscopic organisms measured in?

A

Millimeters (mm), micrometers (μm) and nanometers (nm)

57
Q

What are three properties of an effective microscope?

A

Magnification, Resolution, and Contrast

58
Q

What is an ocular lens?

A

Lens closest to eye- eyepiece

59
Q

What does the ocular lens form?

A

Virtual image

60
Q

What is an objective lens?

A

The lens closes to the specimen

61
Q

What does the objective lens form?

A

Forms the real image

62
Q

What the technique called when a film that was made from a liquid suspension of cells is spread thinly on slide and allowed to air dry?

A

It’s called a smear technique

63
Q

What is heat fixing?

A

Heat the slide gently after it has been air dried

64
Q

What are the important functions of heat fixing?

A

Kills the cells, secures the specimen to the slide, preserves components in a natural state with minimal distortion.

65
Q

What is a cationic or basic stain do?

A

Has a positive charge, attracted to acid, negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls

66
Q

What does acidic (anionic) do?

A

Have a negative charge, repelled by acidic, negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls.

67
Q

What is a positive charged stain attracted to?

A

Negatively charged cell walls

68
Q

What is a negative stain?

A

Negatively charged dye is repelled by negatively charged bacterial cell walls

69
Q

What do simple stains require?

A

A single dye in an uncomplicated procedure

70
Q

What is a differential stain?

A

Use two differently colored stains to clearly contrast cell types or cell parts

71
Q

How many types of stains are there?

72
Q

What are the names of the 4 types of stains?

A

Gram stain, Acid-fast stain, endospores stain, and capsule stain

73
Q

What is the universal diagnostic staining technique for bacteria?

A

Gram stain

74
Q

What does a gram stain do?

A

Permits ready differentiation of major categories based on the color reaction of a cell

75
Q

What color does Gram-positive bacteria stain?

76
Q

What color does gram-negative bacteria stain?

77
Q

What does an acid-Fast stain do?

A

Differentiates acid-fast bacteria from nonacid-fast bacteria

78
Q

What color does acid-fast bacteria stain?

79
Q

What color does nonacid-fast bacteria stain?

80
Q

What do acid-fast stain detect?

A

Detects the agents of tuberculosis and leprosy

81
Q

What does an endospore stain do?

A

Used to distinguish endospores from vegetative cells.

82
Q

What stain detects endospore-forming members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium?

A

Endospore stain

83
Q

Why would a differential stain technique be considered “special”?

A

They pinpoint a particular characteristic, such as the presence of an endospore

84
Q

What is an unstructured protective layer surrounding the cells of some bacteria and fungi called?

85
Q

What is flagella?

A

Tiny, slender filaments used by bacteria for movement

86
Q

How does flagella need to be in order to be seen?

A

Must be enlarged

87
Q

What is flagellar staining

A

A coating is deposited on the outside of the filament and then stained.

Microbiology (8 decks)

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