Chapter 5. Endocrine System Flashcards
- surgical puncture of the amniotic sac
- process of viewing the urinary bladder
- Painful periods
- study of the growth and development of the human organism
- specialist in the diseases of the female reproductive system
- Amniocentesis
- Cystoscopy
- Dysmenorrhea
- Embryology
- Gynecologist
- accumulation of water in the scrotum;
- Excessive bleeding during menstruation
- Inflammation of the kidney
- first pregnancy
- creation of new sperm
- study of urinary tract
- Hydrocele
- Menorrhagia
- Nephritis
- Primigravida
- Spermatogenesis
- Urology
Consists of a group of organs that have NO DUCTS and therefore are also known as DUCTLESS GLANDS that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream. Give major glands of this system.
Endocrine system
Major: Pituitary Gland (present under hypothalamus),Testes, Ovaries, Thyroid Gland (neck), Adrenal Gland (on kidney), Pancreas Gland (endocrine and exocrine)
Give the minor glands and locations.
Parathyroid Gland (neck) Thymus Gland (chest) Pineal Gland (brain)
Located at the base of the brain.
Consists of two parts: anterior lobe and posterior lobe.
Controls what and is controlled by what?
Pituitary gland- master gland
It controls the functions of other endocrine glands and is in turn controlled by the hypothalamus.
This houses releasing and inhibiting hormones. Controls release of anterior pituitary hormone. Give target tissue.
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
What endocrine gland consists of these hormones and define each: Thyroid-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic Growth hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Prolactin
ANTERIOR PIT. GLAND:
TSH- prod of Thy horm (T4, T3 and calcitonin)
ACTH- secre. of cortisol
GH- growth of bones and tissues
FSH- ov. foll growth, stim. estrogen secre. and sperm prod.
LH- ovulation, prog. secre.
Prolactin- breast dev., milk secre.
Posterior pituitary gland hormones and give physiologic funx:
- antidiuretic hormone and deficiency
- formed in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pitutary gland
-Vasopressin, (kidney) water retention
Deficiency of ADH gives: large vol. of urine, polyurea, polydipsea, polyphagea
-Oxytocin, (uterus) causes contraction, (breast) ejection of milk
Give e. gland, hormone and target tissues:
1) Sets the body’s “time clock”. Causes sleep in response to darkness.
2) Enhances the production of T lymphocytes
1) Pineal: Melatonin
Brain; anterior pituitary; reproductive organs; possibly other sites.
2)Thymus: Thymosin: T lymphocytes
Give physiologic funx of
1) Thyroid: Thyroid hormone (Triiodo T3 and levothyroxine T4), and calcitonin
2) Parathyroid: Parathyroid hormone
1) Inc. metabolic rate; nec. for normal gr, dev. Calcitonin takes Ca from Blood➡️Bones
2) Inc. Ca in bloodstream.
Dec. phosphate in bloodstream
PTH takes Ca from Bones➡️Blood
The Pancreas hormones:
Funx of 1) Insulin and 2) Glucagon, secre. from cells?
3) Inhibits digestion and absorption of nutrients.
4) Inhibit secretion of insulin, glucagon and gastrin
1) Insulin from beta cells: Prom. use, storage of nutrients, glucose, after eating
2) Maintains glucose levels in bloods during periods of no food
3) Somastatin and gastrin secre. from delta cells
4) pancreatic polypeptides from F cells
Give hormones of Adrenal Medulla and
Adrenal cortex, funx
AM: Epi- Inc. Na+ reten. and K+ excre.
AC:
Aldosterone: Zona glomerulosa (out)- Inc. Na+ reten. and K+ secre.
Cortisol: Z. fasciculata- Inc. glucose in the bloodstream
Androgens: Z. reticularis- Puberty growth spurt and sex drive in females.
- The testes and ovaries hormones and physiologic funx.
- Testosterone to 5-hydroxy testosterone is catalyzed by?
Testosterone- Stim. sperm prod.; resp. for dev. of sex charac. Prom. sex drive.
Estrogen- Stimulate uterine and breast growth; resp. for sex charac.
Progesterone (Uterus)- Preps for pregnancy
- 5 alpha-reductase
-what hormone opposes the effects of GHRH
-It is synthesized and secreted by ______ in the anterior pituitary gland, breast
and the deciduas.
- Somatostatin
- Prolactin: lactotrope cells
- Naturally occurs in levo (L) isomer form produced in the thyroid gland. Controls the rate of metabolism in the body.
- Converted in the liver and other organs to what active form?
- Thyroxin or Levothyroxine (T4) longer t1/2 than T3
- Triiodothyronine (T3) by deiodination (deiodinase) metabolically active form. 3-4x more potent than T4
Reduces blood calcium ion concentration by moving Ca from blood to bones. Hypocalcemic hormone.
Used in treatment of osteoporosis associated vertebral fracture.
Hypercalcemia stimulates calcitonin production.
Calcitonin- secreted by parafollicular cells (C-cells).
Hypothyroidism symptoms: Sensitivity to cold, Dry flaky skin and Coarse hair, Slowed speech, Puffy face, hands, feet, Hearing loss, Dec. libido, Wt. gain, Constipation, Imp. memory, HTN, brady, Slow return of deep tendon reflexes
Hyper: Heat intol., sweating, Diffusely enlarged nontender goiter. Nervousness, irritability, anxiety and insomnia, Wt loss in spite of increased appetite Tremor and musc. weak., Tachy, Diarr
Hyper diseases: 1) diffuse toxic goiter, most common hyperthyroidism, autoimmune disorder.
Antibodies (long- acting thyroid stimulators) bind to and activate TSH receptors.
2) toxic nodular goiter
3) Give hypothyroidism diseases
Hyper: 1)Graves 2) Plummer’s
3) Hashimoto (autoimmune, most common, elderly) Myxedema, Dwarfism
Mental retardation
Hypo and hyper tests used and drug tx.
Hypo: Serum TSH assay. Levothyroxine- adequate dose thyroxin, necessary for development of the fetal brain.
Hyper: Sensitive TSH assay. Propylthiouracil- inh formn of T4 T3 ➡️ I and thyroglobulin w/ assist of peroxidase
Serum TSH levels for hypo and hyper.
* The TSH level = T4 , pituitary gland is asking your thyroid gland to make. If your TSH levels are abnormally high, it could mean you have an underactive thyroid, or hypothyroidism.
What is the normal serum?
Hypo: >6 mU/L
Hyper: <0.3mU/L
Thyroid function tests (normal serum TSH is 0.3 to 6 mU/L)
-Four tiny glands in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, which is positioned on the esophagus, prod. PTH- reg. Ca metab. and reabs. Ca in kidney.
- Parathyroid Glands
- Hypoparathyroidism: Dec. prod. PTH Dec. blood Ca, Inc. blood PO4 levels, Causes convulsions, hypokalemia, neuromuscular irritability
- Hyper: Inc. prod. PTH, Inc. blood Ca, Dec. blood PO4, Causes muscle weakness, atrophy, fatigue
In the pancreas the _____ which produces digestive enzymes. Islets produce 3 types of hormones:
- acini
- Insulin produced by beta cells; Glucagon produced by alpha cells; Somatostatin produced delta cells (extra pancreatic cells).
- Calcitonin produced by C cells, not in the pancreas
Insulin Carbohydrate metabolism:
Increase:glucose uptake, lipogenesis
Decrease:glycogenolysis, ketogenesis glycogenesis
Insulin protein metabolism:
Increase: RNA and DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, cell growth, amino acid transport
Insulin fat metabolism:
Increase: storage of fatty acid in adipose tissue and lipogenesis
Decrease: lipolysis
Diabetes: ↑ ↓
↓ Insulin resistance ➡️ ↓ Influx of glucose inside the cell ➡️ Cell starvation (Polyphagia *↑ appetite) ➡️ ↑ Glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) ➡️ Osmotic diuresis ➡️ ↑ Glucose in urine (glycosuria) ➡️ *Polyuria (profound loss of water and electrolytes) ➡️ Polydipsia (intense thirst)
Control glucose metabolism and protein synthesis.
The principle hormones are?
Glucocorticoids: cortisol and cortisone
ACTH stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of corticosteroids, mainly glucocorticoids but also mineral corticoids and sex steroids (androgens). Also give t1/2.
ACTH is also related to the circadian rhythm in many organisms.
The half-life of ACTH in human blood is about 10 minutes.
What is the chronic adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism. Causes auto immune reaction, HIV and tuberculosis.
Tx: Replace missing cortisol and fludrocortisones. Give symptoms.
Addison’s disease.
Signs and symp: Chronic fatigue that gradually worsens, Muscle weakness, weight loss and loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, or vomiting.
Hypercortisolism or hyperadrenocorticism is caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood.
Give tx and symptoms:
Cushing’s syndrome
Rapid weight gain, Moon face, Buffalo hump, Reduced libido, Easy bruising
Tx: Removal of adrenals. Post operative steroid replacement (hydrocortisone or prednisolone)
- This hormone levels are elevated in first 3 months of pregnancy (first trimester).
- Progestin’s in pregnancy is produced by what?
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- ovaries, corpus luteum and placenta
- During the menstrual cycle estrogen is produced by the?
- After ovulation estrogen is produced by the?
- Why during pregnancy ovulation does not occur?
-ovarian follicles
-corpus luteum.
-It is suppressed by high levels of
estrogen and progesterone’s.
Hyperaldosteronism, a hyper function of adrenal cortex may be characterized by:
- Abnormality of electrolyte metab. resulting in high secretion of aldosterone
- Tx: aldosterone antagonist: Spirolactone
- hypokalemia
Ketoacidoses are acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies in the body tissues and fluids and may be a result of:
- Starvation
- Juvenile type diabetes
- Inadequate insulin tx
A polypeptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of pancreas in response to hypoglycemia or to stimulation by the growth hormone of the anterior pituitary; it stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver by inducing activation of liver phosphorylase
Glucagon- Sec. by α-cells of pancreas, inc blood gluc lvls
Stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
- site of VASOPRESSIN
- used for diabetes insipidus, charactz:
- It acts on distal renal epithelium promoting the absorption of water
- Polyuria, Thirst and Dec. in ADH levels and osmolarity
Hormone which sustain the corpus luteum in pregnancy is:
LH and Prolactin
Adrenocorticosteroids hormones are naturally in the body and are synthesized by:
Adrenal cortex is responsible for the release of cortisone-adrenocorticosteroids
Common side effects with Corticosteroids therapy may include:
Edema, weight gain, osteoporosis, GIT effects, hypertension, suppression of pituitary adrenal integrity and increased susceptibility to infections.
