Chapter 3. Nervous System Flashcards
- largest section of brain and ctrls vol. (Think and decide what to say) invol. move.
- Brain stem. Is the posterior part of the brain consist of?
- Ctrls bal. and mod. bod move. Maintain body coord., bal.
- Spinal cord and thalamus:
-Cerebrum
-pons and medulla oblongata and mid brain
-Cerebellum
-Spinal cord. vertebral column, epidural space, meninges, spinal cord, dorsal vertebra, and spinal
nerve.
-Thalamus. affects sensory lvls, aware. and alert.
Frontal lobe functions: Motor and Cognitive
- Motor: Voluntary movements, planning initiation, spontaneity, language expression, eye movements
- Cognitive: Memory, Prob solving, judgments, abstract thinking
Frontal lobe functions: Behavior and Arousal
- eye info is processed
- auditory info is processed
- B: Personality, social and sexual, impulse control, mood and effect
- A: Attention
- Occipital
- Temporal
-Define the Vestibular system
Vestibular occular reflexes:
The direction of this is defined as the direction of the fast (rapid eye) move., occurs in the same dir. as the head rot. Normally initial rot. of the head causes the eyes to move slowly in the opp. dir. to maintain visual fixation.
Vestibular system: Reflex adjustment of head, eyes and postural muscles provide a stable visual image and steady posture.
-Nystagmus:
The meninges are three concentric membranes that surround and protect brain and spinal cord.
-dura mater: outer most membrane
-arachnoid: middle layer, transparent, flexible
apia mater: inner layer, is fine, and delicate
This is outside of the brain and circulates through the cavities inside the brain called ventricles. This fills the ventricles and the subarachoid space.
Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF)
BBB is the barrier between cerebral capillary blood CSF. BBB is formed by capillary endothelial cells that line cerebral microvessels forms tight junctions and lacks large intracellular spaces. Further neural tissue covers capillaries. Functions of BBB:
-Protects brain from endo. or exo. toxins
-It prevents escape of neurotrans.
from CNS into blood circ.
-Lipids sol. drugs cross faster than water-sol. (polar) drugs.
All nerves of the body residing outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Periphery can be divided into:
-Ulnar nerve-
-This nerve runs through buttock, thighs down to foot. Divides _____ which supplies the muscles of posterior thigh and all of the leg and foot.
Peripheral Nervous System: sensory (somatic) and autonomic
- Passes through the shoulder to wrist.
- Sciatic nerve: divides tibial and common fibular nerve
- anterior divisions of the thoracic spinal nerves.
- Radial nerve?
- Popliteal nerve?
- It supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles, shoulder joint, and skin on back of arm.
- Intercostal nerve
- Radial nerve runs through wrist to finger tips. It supplies to muscles of forearm.
- Popliteal nerve. Passes in knee joint
- Auxillary nerve (circumflex)
These are specialized epithelial cells in the CNS that produce CSF.
Define the anion and cation here.
- Ependymal cells
- In general, positively charged ions (cation) on the inner cell membrane surface of a resting neuron, there is an accumulation of negative (anionic) charge.
In electrical terms, “potential” is synonymous with “______ “
An “______” cell is one that can quickly and dramatically change its resting membrane potential. Two types?
- voltage
- excitable: muscle fibers and neuronal cells
The typical neuronal resting membrane potential measures approximately -70mV. A neuronal impulse is also referred to as an ____ which indicates?
-action potential, which indicates that it is a “moving” region of “voltage change” that migrates along the neuronal cell membrane.
Nerve cell consists of:
dendrite, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, and synapse
- Excessive excitation of neurons due to disorderly inhibition of cortical neurons.
- Decrease in dopamine or imbalance of dopamine negrostratial pathway.
- Define Migraine and Vertigo
- Seizures or epilepsy
- Parkinson’s disease
- Migraine Headache. Vasodilatation of intracranial extra cerebral blood vessels.
- Vertigo. False sensation of moving or spinning or object moving usually accompanied by nausea and loss of balance.
This produces sudden episode attack of vertigo along with ringing in ears (tinnitus) and progressive deafness. Episodes can last from minutes to hours. Assoc. w/ n and v. Give drug tx.
Meniere’s disease
Betahistine is used for treatment.
This is an involuntary velocity dependant increase in muscle tone resulting in injury to motor pathway in brain or spinal cord. It can impair feeding, dressing, bowel function, hygiene and gait.
Common in what conditions?
- Chronic spasticity
- common in MS, stroke, spinal cord injury and cerebral palsy
Paralysis of lower motor neuron of facial nerve. It is often due to what infection causing inflammation and edema?
Bell’s Palsy: herpes simplex virus (HSV1)
This is characterized by destruction of myelin sheet (demylenation) and axonal degeneration & loss in CNS. The MS is chronic and can be caused by autoimmune mediated action. Give drug tx.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) Treatment. Interferons beta (first line therapy), glatiramer acetate (Immunomodulators similar to interferon beta), Mitoxantrone, natalizumab, Fingolimod (spingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist), Teriflunomide, and laqinimod.
This regulate body temperature (37.5 °C).
Sym. NS innervate heat loss by vasodilatation and sweat production. Sym. NS innervate adrenal gland than increase metabolic rate, show diagram.
homeostatic mechanisms:
Thalamus ➡️ pituitary gland ➡️ thyroid ➡️ Increase metabolic rate.
Temperatures for hyperthermia, hyperpyrexia, hypothermia and heat stroke
Hyperthermia = >38.2 °C
Hyperpyrexia (fever) = a fever >41.5 °C
Hypothermia = <35 °C, if <32 °C it can cause ventricular arrhythmias.
Heat stroke: Core body temp. >40.6 °C
Malignant hyperthermia is the side effects of drugs that cause fever symptoms. Drug ex and txs.
Malignant Hyperthermia:
Example. Halothane, and succinylcholine.
Treatment. Dantrolene 2.5 mg/kg for Q5min
This is induced by antipsychotic drugs. Characterized by what symptoms?
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
- hyperthermia and muscle rigidity, autonomic instability e.g. cardiac arrhythmias.
Antipyretics (NSAIDs) MOA:
how analgesics decrease set-point temperature, heat loss in the form of sweating, vasodilatation.
-reduce fever by inhibiting cyclooxigenase, this inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
Diagnostic techniques:
-consist of alternating excitatory and inhibitory synaptic
potential in the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex.
- Demons. genz. waves of spike and wave
discharge of the brain
-CSF sample is taken by
-is used brain scanning
- Electroencephalograph (EEG)
- CT scan (computed tomography)
- Lumbar puncture
- FMRI: functional MRI
