Chapter 3. Nervous System Flashcards
- largest section of brain and ctrls vol. (Think and decide what to say) invol. move.
- Brain stem. Is the posterior part of the brain consist of?
- Ctrls bal. and mod. bod move. Maintain body coord., bal.
- Spinal cord and thalamus:
-Cerebrum
-pons and medulla oblongata and mid brain
-Cerebellum
-Spinal cord. vertebral column, epidural space, meninges, spinal cord, dorsal vertebra, and spinal
nerve.
-Thalamus. affects sensory lvls, aware. and alert.
Frontal lobe functions: Motor and Cognitive
- Motor: Voluntary movements, planning initiation, spontaneity, language expression, eye movements
- Cognitive: Memory, Prob solving, judgments, abstract thinking
Frontal lobe functions: Behavior and Arousal
- eye info is processed
- auditory info is processed
- B: Personality, social and sexual, impulse control, mood and effect
- A: Attention
- Occipital
- Temporal
-Define the Vestibular system
Vestibular occular reflexes:
The direction of this is defined as the direction of the fast (rapid eye) move., occurs in the same dir. as the head rot. Normally initial rot. of the head causes the eyes to move slowly in the opp. dir. to maintain visual fixation.
Vestibular system: Reflex adjustment of head, eyes and postural muscles provide a stable visual image and steady posture.
-Nystagmus:
The meninges are three concentric membranes that surround and protect brain and spinal cord.
-dura mater: outer most membrane
-arachnoid: middle layer, transparent, flexible
apia mater: inner layer, is fine, and delicate
This is outside of the brain and circulates through the cavities inside the brain called ventricles. This fills the ventricles and the subarachoid space.
Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF)
BBB is the barrier between cerebral capillary blood CSF. BBB is formed by capillary endothelial cells that line cerebral microvessels forms tight junctions and lacks large intracellular spaces. Further neural tissue covers capillaries. Functions of BBB:
-Protects brain from endo. or exo. toxins
-It prevents escape of neurotrans.
from CNS into blood circ.
-Lipids sol. drugs cross faster than water-sol. (polar) drugs.
All nerves of the body residing outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Periphery can be divided into:
-Ulnar nerve-
-This nerve runs through buttock, thighs down to foot. Divides _____ which supplies the muscles of posterior thigh and all of the leg and foot.
Peripheral Nervous System: sensory (somatic) and autonomic
- Passes through the shoulder to wrist.
- Sciatic nerve: divides tibial and common fibular nerve
- anterior divisions of the thoracic spinal nerves.
- Radial nerve?
- Popliteal nerve?
- It supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles, shoulder joint, and skin on back of arm.
- Intercostal nerve
- Radial nerve runs through wrist to finger tips. It supplies to muscles of forearm.
- Popliteal nerve. Passes in knee joint
- Auxillary nerve (circumflex)
These are specialized epithelial cells in the CNS that produce CSF.
Define the anion and cation here.
- Ependymal cells
- In general, positively charged ions (cation) on the inner cell membrane surface of a resting neuron, there is an accumulation of negative (anionic) charge.
In electrical terms, “potential” is synonymous with “______ “
An “______” cell is one that can quickly and dramatically change its resting membrane potential. Two types?
- voltage
- excitable: muscle fibers and neuronal cells
The typical neuronal resting membrane potential measures approximately -70mV. A neuronal impulse is also referred to as an ____ which indicates?
-action potential, which indicates that it is a “moving” region of “voltage change” that migrates along the neuronal cell membrane.
Nerve cell consists of:
dendrite, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, and synapse
- Excessive excitation of neurons due to disorderly inhibition of cortical neurons.
- Decrease in dopamine or imbalance of dopamine negrostratial pathway.
- Define Migraine and Vertigo
- Seizures or epilepsy
- Parkinson’s disease
- Migraine Headache. Vasodilatation of intracranial extra cerebral blood vessels.
- Vertigo. False sensation of moving or spinning or object moving usually accompanied by nausea and loss of balance.
This produces sudden episode attack of vertigo along with ringing in ears (tinnitus) and progressive deafness. Episodes can last from minutes to hours. Assoc. w/ n and v. Give drug tx.
Meniere’s disease
Betahistine is used for treatment.
