Chapter 15. Cell and Molecular Biology

Question 1

What neurotransmitter does catalization of glutamate decarboxylase produce?

Answer 1

Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA neurotransmitter)

Question 2

What precursor serves the Epinephrine (after the Phenylalanine) and Thyroxine neurotransmitter?
Catalyzed by this gives phenyl 3-4 quinone than polymerization given Melatonin (black skin pigment)

Answer 2

Tyrosine

*also a.a. precursor of cathecholamine

Question 3

What precursor serves Serotonin neurotransmitter and Niacin?

Answer 3

Tryptophan

Question 4

5HT is?

Answer 4

5-hydroxy tryptamine or Serotonin

Question 5

From precursors Nitric Oxide, Urea and Creatinine serves what amino acid?

Answer 5

Arginine

Question 6

Also known as fatty acid oxidation.

Answer 6

Ketogenesis

Question 7

Collectively known as ketone bodies.

Answer 7

betahydroxy butyric acid 80%
acetoacetic acid 20%
acetone trace amounts

Question 8

Essential amino acids?

Answer 8

PVT TIM HALL

Question 9

Also known as phosphogluconate pathway and hexose monophosphate shunt. Takes place in where?

Answer 9

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

-Cytosol

Question 10

Ammonia is converted to what which is nontoxic.

Answer 10

Glutamine (Gln)

Question 11

During Mitochondrial process, pyruvate to CO2 and H2O is what process?

Answer 11

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 12

What type of cycle intermediate forms amino acids such as aspartate and glutamate?

Answer 12

Anabolism

Question 13

Where does glycolysis occur in most organs of the body?

Answer 13

Cytosol and mitochondria

Question 14

This cycle takes place in bacterias in place of the Krebs cycle.
Centers on conversion of ACoa to succinate for carb synthesis.

Answer 14

Glyoxylate cycle

Question 15

The only amino acid without a chiral center. Aa precursor of hemoglobin.

Answer 15

Glycine

Question 16

Amino acids are precursors of what and from what are those derived from?

Answer 16

Porphyrines, derived from glycine and succinyl-Coa

Question 17

Several genetic defects in heme biosynthesis.

Answer 17

Uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase deficiency, congenital erythropoietic porphyria.
Red urine, reddish teeth, photosensitive skin, increased hair growth
Ferrochelatase deficiency = erythropoietic porphyria

Question 18

T or F. There are 10 EAA and humans only require 7 of them.

Answer 18

False. All humans require 8 EAAs.

Infant require histidine.

Question 19

Define Zwitter ion and Isoelectric point.

Answer 19

Zwitter ion - a molecule or ion having separate positively and negatively charged groups.
pI- pH at which there is no net charge on the structure.
pH>pI negative charge
pH

Question 20

Define primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structures.

Answer 20

Primary- linear sequence of aa
Secondary- linked by H bonds
Tertiary- attractions between alpha helices and pleated sheets. 3D struc. formed by disulfide bonds.
Quaternary- more than one aa chain

Question 21

In tertiary structure:
\_\_\_\_\_ interaction between non polar aa
\_\_\_\_\_ bonds between polar aa
ionic bonds between \_\_\_\_\_ aa
\_\_\_\_\_ bonds between Sulfur containing aa

Answer 21

Hydrophobic
Hydrogen
ionic
Covalent

Question 22

Simple proteins are naturally occuring proteins wc upon hydrolysis yield only what type of aa and give examples.

Answer 22

Alpha aa.

Albumins Globulins Prolamines Glutelin Albuminoids

Question 23

Examples of Hemoglobinopathies.

Answer 23

Sickle cell anemia, haemoglobin C disease (HbC) and thalassemia syndrome

Question 24

A cell membrane is composed of what bilayer and its phospholipids are composed of what.

Answer 24

Lipid bilayer
outer portion of membrane- hydrophilic head
inner portion of membrane- hydrophobic chains

Question 25

Difference between Hemoglobin and Myoglobin.

Answer 25

Hemoglobin- transports O2 I’m blood only. CO2 and CO binds reversibly. Porphyrin ring is a tetramer
Myoglobin- transports O2 in tissues. Present in heart and tissues. -Monomer

Question 26

end products of:
Aerobic glycolysis
Anaerobic
aa (protein) synthesis
purine cycle

Answer 26

pyruvate
lactate
urea
uric acid

Question 27

Krebs cycle occurs in?
Glycolysis?
Glycosolipid metabolism?

Answer 27

Mitochondria
Cytosol and mitochondria
Cytoplasm

Question 28

Deficiency in this trace element:
Zn
Se
Cr
Mo

Answer 28

Zn- children: poor growth, impaired sex. dev -adults: dermatitis
Se- cardiomyopathy
Cr- impaired glucose tolerance
Mo- present in xanthine oxidase (conversion of purine to uric acid)