Chapter 5 (Electrons) Flashcards
What did Einstein discover about electrons?
The dual wave-particle nature of light. Light bends like water waves.
What did De Broglie discover about electrons?
Developed the wave theory of matter.
What did Heisenberg discover about electrons?
States that it is impossible to know particle velocity & position at the same time. (You can only know one.)
What did Maxwell discover about electrons?
Discovered the Photoelectric Effect.
What’s an orbital?
A region where an electron can be found with high probability.
What’s the electron cloud?
A blur of electrons moving around the nucleus in energy levels.
What’s the principal energy level?
An assigned number (1 to 7) that corresponds to the rows on the periodic table.
What’s a sublevel?
A sublevel is assigned a letter that represents the area of probability in which that electron can be found.
How many orbital electrons regions does each sublevel have?
S - 1
P - 3
D - 5
F - 7
What is the maximum amount of electrons each sublevel can hold?
S - 2
P - 6
D - 10
F - 14
What’s the Aufbau Principle?
Determining the energy filling order of electrons, electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first.
What’s an orbital diagram?
A representation of the distribution of electrons around the nucleus.
What is an electron configuration?
A diagram to show what energy levels are filled of all the electrons in a given element.
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
Only 2 electrons can occupy an orbital and they must have opposite spins.
What’s Hund’s Rule?
When electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters each orbital until all the orbitals contain one electron with all parallel spins.
What is a Noble Gas Configuration or Shorthand Configuration?
A way of showing electron configuration by putting first the noble gas that comes before the element.
What is the excited state?
When electrons are given energy (from heat or electricity) the electrons become excited and move to a higher energy level.
What’s the ground state?
Once an electrons moves back down to their original condition, they are in ground state.
What’s the Bright Line Spectrum?
four-lines on the visible light spectrum that acts like a fingerprint to an element.
What’s the electromagnetic spectrum?
a range in frequencies and their respective wavelengths.
What’s amplitude?
The distance to either the top or the bottom of a wave of light.
What’s the crest?
The top of a wave.
What’s the trough?
The bottom of a wave.
What’s wavelength?
The distance from crest to crest or trough to trough or node to node.
What’s a node?
Where the wave intersects w/ “the middle line.”
What’s frequency?
The # of times a wave passes a point in time.
What type of relationship to wavelength and frequency have?
Inverse
What are the units of wavelength(λ)?
m, cm, & mm
What are the units of frequency(ν)?
Hz = 1/sec = waves/sec
What is the equation that relates wavelength and frequency to the speed of light?
c=λv
What is the equation that relates energy to frequency?
E=hv
What is the equation that relates energy to wavelength and the speed of light?
E=hc/λ
What is the speed of light?
3.0 x 10^8 m/s
What’s Planck’s Constant?
6.626 x 10^-34 Joule seconds (J s)
What’s a quantum?
The minimum amount of energy required for one electron to “jump” from energy level to another.
What’s a photon?
A particle that represents light or electromagnetic radiation.
What’s the atomic emission spectrum?
The spectrum of visible light used to mark out the bright-line spectrum of an element.
What’s valence electron spin?
The direction of spin of a valence electron in it’s orbital. If it’s “up” its +1/2, when it’s “down” its -1/2
