Chapter 5 - Electron Structure Flashcards
What is an atomic orbital?
An atomic orbital is a region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons, with opposite spins.
How many electrons can a p-sub shell hold?
Six (3 orbitals each containing 2 electrons of opposite spins)
Give the number of electrons that fill the first 4 energy shells.
1st shell - 2
2nd shell - 8
3rd shell - 18
4th shell - 32
What happens to energy as the shell number increases?
The energy increases
What is the shell number called?
principal quantum number, n
What is the shape of the s orbital electron cloud?
A sphere
What happens to the size of the s orbital when the shell number is greater?
The radius of the s orbital increases
How many s orbitals does each shell contain?
1
What is the maximum number of electrons that an s orbital can hold?
2
What is the shape of the electron cloud of a p orbital?
Dumbbell shaped
What happens to the p orbital as the shell number increases?
The p orbital is further away from the nucleus
How many p orbitals can there be in an energy level from n=2?
3
How many d orbitals can there be in an energy shell from n=3?
5
How many f orbitals can there be in an energy shell from n=4?
7
What are orbitals of the same type grouped as?
Sub shells
How many electrons can a d sub shell hold?
10 (5 orbitals each containing 2 electrons)
How many electrons can an f sub shell hold?
14 (7 orbitals)
How many electrons can an s sub shell hold?
2 electrons, 1 orbital
Why does a 4s sub shell fill up before a 3d sub shell?
A 3d sub shell is at a higher energy than the 4s sub shell
Why must the electrons filling up orbitals have opposite spins?
They help to counteract the repulsion between the negative charges of the two electrons
Why do electrons fill up orbitals singularly before pairing up?
This prevents repulsion between paired electrons as having minimal repulsion means the arrangement is most stable and of the lowest energy
How are cations formed and what are they also known as?
They are known as positive ions and are formed when an atom loses electrons
How are anions formed and what are they also known as?
They are known as negative ions and are formed when an atom gains electrons
Why are electrons lost from the 4s orbital first?
The 4s orbital is of a higher energy when FILLED and so electrons are removed from it first
Where is the s-block on the periodic table?
groups 1 and 2 (far left)
Where is the p-block on the periodic table?
groups 13-18 (far right)
Where is the d-block on the periodic table?
groups 3-12 (centre block of 10 groups)
