Chapter 5: Development and Plasticity and Chapter 6: Vision

Question 1

Neural tube

Answer 1

fluid-filled cavity results in CNS development

Question 2

differentiation

Answer 2

process makes one neuron different from another; beings as neuron is migrating, is also dependent on local environment of target destination. Axon develop first and cell shape and dendrites develop once neuron reaches target site

Question 3

Proliferation

Answer 3

cells lining ventricles divide

Question 4

Migration

Answer 4

proliferating cells migrate toward destinations in CNS.

Question 5

Migration is guided by what?

Answer 5

immunoglobins, chemokines, radial glia

Question 6

Myelination

Answer 6

production of myelin sheaths around axons. first occurs in spinal cord, then hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain. occurs gradually for decades

Question 7

Synaptogenesis

Answer 7

formation of new synapses. occurs throughout life

Question 8

Neurotrophins

Answer 8

chemicals that promote neuron survival and growth

Question 9

Types of Neurotrophins

Answer 9

nerve growth factor, brain derived neurotropic, neurotrophins 3, 4/5, and 6

Question 10

Apoptosis

Answer 10

programmed cell death

Question 11

behavioral compensation

Answer 11

subject learns to use remaining portions of NS to compensate for damage

Question 12

Phantom limb

Answer 12

continuation of sensation of an amputated body part

Question 13

Denervation and Disuse supersensitivity

Answer 13

heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon or inactivity

Question 14

potential mechanisms

Answer 14

up-regulation of receptor proteins; up-regulation of a following cascade component (ion channels, secondary messengers)

Question 15

Ischemia

Answer 15

Most common type of stroke; resulting from blood clot or obstruction of an artery. Neurons lose oxygen and glucose supply

Question 16

Hemorrhage

Answer 16

less frequent type of stroke; results from ruptured artery. Neurons flooded with excess calcium, oxygen, and other products

Question 17

Edema

Answer 17

the accumulation of fluid in brain resulting in increased pressure on the brain & increasing probability of strokes

Question 18

Ischema & Hemorrhage may cause:

Answer 18

Edema & disruption of sodium-potassium pump leading to accumulation of sodium ions inside neurons

Question 19

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Answer 19

breaks up blood clots and reduces the effects of an ischemic stroke

Question 20

penumbra

Answer 20

region that surrounds the immediate damage

Question 21

Cannabinoids (pot)

Answer 21

potentially minimize cell loss through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions

Question 22

One of most effective lab methods to minimize stroke damage

Answer 22

cooling the brain

Question 23

Sensory Receptors

Answer 23

organs that are in your body, mostly on surface, that allow external world to communicate with your brain

Question 24

Types of Sensory Receptors

Answer 24

Chemoreceptors; Mechanoreceptors; Thermal Receptors; Pain Receptors; Light Receptors

Question 25

Adequate Stimulus

Answer 25

sensory receptors are “tuned” to respond best to a certain type of stimulus energy.

Question 26

Generator Potential

Answer 26

a graded potential produced in some types of receptor cells

Question 27

Sensory Adaptation

Answer 27

receptors reduce their sensitivity if continuously stimulated

Question 28

Reception

Answer 28

first physical interaction between the stimulus energy and sensory receptor

Question 29

Transduction

Answer 29

conversion of physical energy of stimulus into an electrochemical response

Question 30

Coding

Answer 30

correspondence between some aspect of the physical stimulus and aspect of neural activity

Question 31

intensity

Answer 31

strength of the stimulus. represented by rate of action potentials

Question 32

quality

Answer 32

type of stimulus. can include variety of stimulus features over and beyond intensity