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Brain And Behavior > Chapter 3 - Synapse > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Synapse Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuronal Signaling

A

neuron cell sends neurotransmitters that are received by protein receptors on target cell

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2
Q

Neuronal Signaling

A

neuron cell sends neurotransmitters that are received by protein receptors on target cell

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3
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

hormones are sent from endocrine cell into bloodstream. if cell has receptor for hormone, it will affect that cell.

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4
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

cell releases chemical in local environment to cells nearby. binds with receptor proteins on local target cells

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5
Q

Contact-dependent signaling

A

signaling cell has molecule on the surface of the cell, that whole cell binds/stimulates target cell that has receptor for that molecule

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6
Q

Synpase

A

zone in which neuron communicates with another neuron, muscle, or gland

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7
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

~ 0.02 micrometers wide; really small but big enough for charge to travel across space; transmission across cleft is chemical by way of neurotransmitter fiber axon

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8
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

contains receptor proteins

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9
Q

Ionotropic effect

A

Neurotransmitter temporarily binds with membrane surface receptor site on protein channel that directly opens/closes a ligand-gated channel *need to know gradients for direction of flow*

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10
Q

Metabotropic effect

A

neurotransmitter temporarily binds with receptor protein coupled to G-protein (GTP-binding-protein), which activates second messenger cascade inside the cell

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11
Q

Ionotropic vs Metabotropic

A

Ionotropic: fast (10ms), short lived (30ms), longer lasting (seconds, minutes, hours), modulates the excitability of cells and strength of synaptic connections. important in learning and memory

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12
Q

Second Messenger

A

cyclic AMP

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13
Q

cAMP

A

activates cyclic-nucleotide-gated ion channels; activates protein kinases (open and close ion channels, affect certain intracellular biochemical reactions, affect gene expression)

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14
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

graded depolarization in postsynaptic cell caused by Na+ entering cell as a result of neurotransmitter molecules binding with their receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane

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15
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

graded hyperpolarization in post synaptic cell caused by K+ leaving cell or Cl- entering cell as a result of (concentration gradient) neurotransmitter molecules binding with their receptor sites on post synaptic membrane

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16
Q

What decays over space and time?

A

Graded potentials - EPSPs and IPSPs

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17
Q

Spacial Summation

A

EPSPs and IPSPs delivered simultaneously at different locations on cell sum together

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18
Q

Temporal Summation

A

EPSPs and IPSPs delivered close in time can sum together

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19
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, Monoamines, Amino Acids, Peptides, ATP and Adenosine, and Nitric Oxide

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20
Q

Monoamines

A

have1 amine group, made primarily from amino acids

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21
Q

Catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine (all part of same synthetic pathway)

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22
Q

Catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepineph

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23
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

hormones are sent from endocrine cell into bloodstream. if cell has receptor for hormone, it will affect that cell.

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24
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

cell releases chemical in local environment to cells nearby. binds with receptor proteins on local target cells

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25
Q

Contact-dependent signaling

A

signaling cell has molecule on the surface of the cell, that whole cell binds/stimulates target cell that has receptor for that molecule

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26
Q

Synpase

A

zone in which neuron communicates with another neuron, muscle, or gland

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27
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

~ 0.02 micrometers wide; really small but big enough for charge to travel across space; transmission across cleft is chemical by way of neurotransmitter fiber axon

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28
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

contains receptor proteins

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29
Q

Ionotropic effect

A

Neurotransmitter temporarily binds with membrane surface receptor site on protein channel that directly opens/closes a ligand-gated channel *need to know gradients for direction of flow*

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30
Q

Metabotropic effect

A

neurotransmitter temporarily binds with receptor protein coupled to G-protein (GTP-binding-protein), which activates second messenger cascade inside the cell

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31
Q

Ionotropic vs Metabotropic

A

Ionotropic: fast (10ms), short lived (30ms), longer lasting (seconds, minutes, hours), modulates the excitability of cells and strength of synaptic connections. important in learning and memory

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32
Q

Second Messenger

A

cyclic AMP

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33
Q

cAMP

A

activates cyclic-nucleotide-gated ion channels; activates protein kinases (open and close ion channels, affect certain intracellular biochemical reactions, affect gene expression)

How well did you know this?
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3
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34
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

graded depolarization in postsynaptic cell caused by Na+ entering cell as a result of neurotransmitter molecules binding with their receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane

35
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

graded hyperpolarization in post synaptic cell caused by K+ leaving cell or Cl- entering cell as a result of (concentration gradient) neurotransmitter molecules binding with their receptor sites on post synaptic membrane

36
Q

What decays over space and time?

A

Graded potentials - EPSPs and IPSPs

37
Q

Spacial Summation

A

EPSPs and IPSPs delivered simultaneously at different locations on cell sum together

38
Q

Temporal Summation

A

EPSPs and IPSPs delivered close in time can sum together

39
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, Monoamines, Amino Acids, Peptides, ATP and Adenosine, and Nitric Oxide

40
Q

Monoamines

A

have1 amine group, made primarily from amino acids

41
Q

Histamine

A

some make you drowsy, involved with sleep circuits

42
Q

Catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepineph

43
Q

Serotonin

A

5-hydroxytryptamine

44
Q

What’s an inhibitory neurotransmitter amino acid?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, glycine

45
Q

Peptides

A

Chains of amino acids; endorphins, subtance P, neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II; made in cell and transported to terminal, packaged into vessicles, or leak out of end bulb with proper stimulus

46
Q

ATP and Adenosine

A

ATP fuels metabolic reactions in cell, Adenosine part of ATP

47
Q

acetylcholinesterase (protein)

A

bound to postsynaptic membrane and catalyzes breakdown of acetylcholine

48
Q

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

A

deaminates norepinephrine and serotonin. found in variety of cells

49
Q

Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)

A

inactivates catecholamines. Broad specificity and found in variety of cells. important in kidney and liver. found in presynaptic terminals

50
Q

Uptake by Glia

A

Glia contain transporter proteins that help remove neurotransmitters that have diffused away from synaptic cleft

51
Q

Agontist

A

Chemical that mimics effects of neurotransmitter

52
Q

Antagonist

A

Chemical that suppresses the effects of neurotransmitter

53
Q

Neuroactive Effect of Drugs that affect Neurotransmitters in following ways:

A

Cause vessicles to leak, increase release, decrease reuptake, blocking breakdown into inactive chemical, directing stimulating or blocking postsynaptic receptors

54
Q

Subtypes

A

numerous given for given neurotransmitter; neurotransmitter binds with all subtypes; serve different functions in neuron and often differently distributed in brain; serotonin has 15 known subtypes

55
Q

Amphetamine (speed)

A

displaces NE and DA (dopamie) from vesicles allowing them to leak out of the nerve terminal. “Crashing” occurs several hours after administration due to depletion of NE and DA stores bc of loss from diffusion away from synpatic cleft.

56
Q

Cocaine

A

blocks reuptake of DA, NE, and 5-HT (serotonin). most behavioral effects thought to be related to effects on dopamine. “crashing” occurs

57
Q

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

A

prescribed for ADD; blocked reuptake of DA (dopamine) but with much slower kinetics (less potency) than coaine, affects are more gradual and less severe. increases release of serotonin (5-HT)

58
Q

Lysergic Acid diethylamide (LSD)

A

stimulates 5-HT2 receptors, hallucinogenic drug

59
Q

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A

active ingredient in marijuana. Binds w/ canabanoid receptors found in hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum (almost completely absent in medulla).

60
Q

Anandamine and sn-2-arachidonylglycerol

A

endogenous neurotransmitters floating around in brain

61
Q

Nicotine

A

stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscles and in brain. found on domaminergic neurons in areas of brain known to be involved with processing “reward”. active ingredient in cigarettes

62
Q

Opiates

A

derived from opium poppy plant. include morphine and heroin. stimulate opioid receptors

63
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical signals released into circulation by endocrine glands and affect specific target cells: peptide and steroids (derived from cholesterol)

64
Q

2 lobes of pituitary gland

A

anterior lobes and posterior lobes

65
Q

posterior pituitary

A

neurons send axons down to pituitary stalk, axon terminals end within pituitary stalk.

66
Q

2 important hormones produced from axons from hypothalamus

A

vasopression and oxytocin; made in hypothalamus and released into poterior pituitary

67
Q

anterior pituitary

A

other cells release releasing hormone, gets released into circulation that goes directly in anterior pituitary; cells in anterior pituitary store and release certain hormones directly into circulation

68
Q

negative feedback loop

A

thyroxine and triodothyronine released from thyroid glands; stimulates growth and metabolism

69
Q

hypothalamus

A

contains TSH, stimulates cells that hold TSH, release TSH, goes throughout body but only stimulates thyroid gland, releases thyroxine and triiodothyronine

70
Q

TSH

A

releasing hormone released into circulation, goes directly into anterior pituitary

71
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain, spinal cord

72
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

somatic and autonomic

73
Q

somatic portion

A

carries information to and from sensory receptors and muscles. primarily efferent

74
Q

autonomic portion

A

mediates internal body adjustments through its influence over glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. primarily efferent

75
Q

Sagittal plane

A

left to right side

76
Q

coronal plane

A

front to back

77
Q

horizontal

A

upper brain and lower brain

78
Q

anterior

A

rostral

79
Q

posterior

A

caudal

80
Q

dorsal

A

toward top of back of brain

81
Q

ventral

A

lower, towards the belly

82
Q

medial

A

toward midline

83
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

Brain And Behavior (9 decks)

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