Chapter 1 - Biological Psychology

Question 0

Physiological Explanations

Answer 0

Relate behavior to activity of brain and organs

Question 1

Biological psychology

Answer 1

Scientific study of biological aspects of animal behavior

Question 2

Ontogenetic Explanations

Answer 2

Relate behavior to development of animal

Question 3

Evolutionary Explanations

Answer 3

Relate behavior to evolutionary history

Question 4

Functional Explanations

Answer 4

Describes WHY behavior or structure evolved as it did

Question 5

Neurons

Answer 5

Main signaling units that receive information and transmit it to other cells. Approx. 85 billion

Question 6

Cell membrane

Answer 6

Lipid bilayer sandwich of phospholipids with protein molecules that controls flow of elements in and out of cell

Question 7

Nucleus

Answer 7

Contains chromosomes; site for hereditary control

Question 8

Mitochondria

Answer 8

Performs aerobic metabolic activities, providing energy that cell requires for other activities

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

Site of protein synthesis, made from command of genes

Question 10

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 10

Network of thin tubes that sends newly synthesized proteins to other parts of the cell

Question 11

Motor neuron

Answer 11

Soma is located in spinal chord; receives excitation and transmits impulses along axon to muscle

Question 12

Sensory neuron

Answer 12

SpecialiZed at one end to be highly sensitive to particular type of stimulation

Question 13

Dendrites

Answer 13

Branching fibers that get narrower near the ends; surface lined with synaptic receptors

Question 14

Dendritic spines

Answer 14

Short outgrowths that increase the surface area available for synapses

Question 15

Soma

Answer 15

Cell body; contains nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria; most metabolic work occurs here; integrates electrical signals generated by neurotransmitters; responsible for protein synthesis

Question 16

Axon

Answer 16

Thin fiber of constant diameter, information sender, transmits info away from neuron to another neuron or muscle; only one axon emanating from soma

Question 17

Axon Hillock

Answer 17

Swelling point on soma, starting point of axon

Question 18

Myelin Sheath

Answer 18

Insulating material around axon that increases speed of impulses, found in vertebrae axons

Question 19

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 19

Breaks in insulation on axon

Question 20

Presynaptic terminal

Answer 20

End bulb, point from which axon releases chemicals that cross the synapse to other neuron; neurotransmitters are stores, released, and some reabsorbed here

Question 21

Afferent axon

Answer 21

Brings signals INTO structure (admit)

Question 22

Efferent axon

Answer 22

carries signals AWAY from structure (exit)

Question 23

Intrinsic neuron

Answer 23

Cell’s dendrites and axon entirely contained within single structure

Question 24

Glia

Answer 24

Do NOT transmit info over long distances; provide structural and function support for neurons

Question 25

Astrocytes

Answer 25

CNS; star shaped cells have end feet that come in contact with soma, dendrites, and capillaries; takes up some chemical transmitters at synapse, regulates extra cellular ion concentrations; control blood flow to brain areas; provide glucose to neurons

Question 26

Oligodedrocytes

Answer 26

CNS; produces myelin that insulates small sections of axon (combo of nodes and myelin to increase conduction

Question 27

Schwann cells

Answer 27

PNS; provides myelin and insulates certain vertebrae axon, wraps myelin around 1 segment of single axon

Question 28

Radial Glia Cells

Answer 28

CNS; provide guidance for neurons and their axons and dendrites; occur during BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, precursors to some neurons and glia

Question 29

Microglia

Answer 29

Very small cells generated in response to injury infection or disease; removed waste material as well as viruses; contain digestive enzymes; MAY divide and invade area of impact

Question 30

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 30

Endothelial cells that form the walls of the capillaries, have small gaps; gaps are tight enough to not let anything pass through; Oxygen and carbon dioxide cross freely; fat-soluble molecules cross freely; glucose actively transported into brain; ATP necessary to transport some molecules across; adjacent to ventricles

Question 31

Circumventricular organs

Answer 31

Affected areas with weak or absent blood-brain barrier, monitor chemical substances in circulation