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Brain And Behavior > Chapter 4 - Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve

A

bundle of axons in PNS

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2
Q

Tract

A

bundle of axons in CNS

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3
Q

Ganglion

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in CNS

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5
Q

White matter

A

brain region largely occupied by tracts, CNS, white because its myelinated

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6
Q

Grey matter

A

brain regions largely occupied by cell bodies, grayish color because aren’t myelinated

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7
Q

fiber

A

axon

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8
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs in human

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9
Q

Types of spinal nerves:

A

cervical, thoratic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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10
Q

Cervical

A

8 pairs, the most rostral, anterior, neck region

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11
Q

thoratic

A

12 pairs, chest cavity

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12
Q

lumbar

A

5 pairs, abdominal-like region

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13
Q

sacral

A

5 pairs, lower body

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14
Q

coccygeal

A

1 pairs, comes off tailbone

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15
Q

dermatome

A

region of skin area innervated by particular spinal nerve

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16
Q

dorsal roots

A

sensory portion of nerve that branches close to the cord and enters it dorsally (on backside)

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17
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

in PNS, next to spinal cod, ganglia for each pair of nerves; swellings close to the dorsal cord that house the cell bodies of the axons in dorsal roots

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18
Q

dorsal horn

A

gray matter in dorsal core of spinal cord that contains the cell bodies on which collaterals or dorsal root axons synapse

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19
Q

ventral roots

A

gray matter in ventral core of spinal cord that contains cell bodies of motor neurons supplying axons in peripheral nerves

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20
Q

How many cranial nerves?

A

12

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21
Q

Cranial nerves

A

similar to spinal nerves except it connects head receptors and effectors directly to brain; each nerve numbered based on point of entry

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22
Q

How many nerves devoted to movement of eye muscles

A

3

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23
Q

How many nerves devoted to taste?

A

3

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24
Q

Some cranial nerves except which carry axons that are part of AutonomicNS

A

the vagus

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25
sympathetic
contribute to physiologial response to emergency, potentially life-threatening situations; fight-or-flight
26
parasympathetic
helps to maintain relatively steady-state in basic bodily functions
27
sympathetic functions
increase heart rate, increases respiration, increases blood pressure, increases sweating, dilates pupils, takes energy away from digestion
28
parasympathetic functions
decreases everything, constricts pupils, promotes digestion
29
polygraph measures what?
respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response (activation of sweating)
30
meninges
3-layer sac encasing brain and spinal chord
31
Dura mater
outer most layer
32
arachnoid
middle layer. cerebral spinal fluid fills space underneath
33
pia mater
inner most layer
34
Ventricles
cavity section
35
Lateral Ventricles
located in core of each cerebral hemisphere; filled with cerebral spinal fluid
36
3rd ventricle
receives fluid from lateral ventricles, located along midline separating large portion of diencephalon.
37
cerebral aqueduct
tube-like structure in midline of midbrain and hindbrain connecting 3rd and 4th ventricles
38
4th ventricle
located along midline of hindbrain. cerebral spinal fluid flows out of here by 2 routes: central canal of spinal cord, and subarachnoid space
39
Central canal
tube-like structure in core of spinal cord
40
Cerehrospinal fluid
filtrate of the blood made by cells lining ventricles
41
choroid plexus
cells lining the ventricle; mostly water and is isotonic with blood plasma
42
Hydrocephalus
condition in which CSF is obstructed at cerebral aqueduct during gestational development. Ventricles expand causing pressure on forebrain and results in mental retardation
43
medulla
critical; control respiration, heart rate, visceral reflexes (salivation, vomiting, coughing, gagging, swallowing, and chewing). receives sensory input from several cranial nerves
44
reticular formation
network of cells, important in general arousal and some brainstem reflexes. involved in control of movement
45
pons
area of fibers destined for cerebellum, crossing from one side of the brain to the other
46
cerebellum
involved in sensorimotor integration, motor timing, balance, learning
47
tectum
involved in auditory and visual procession. includes superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
48
substantia nigra
nucleus contains dopaminergic cells that project to the basal ganglia. cells degenerate in Parkinson's disease
49
thalamus
sensory processing. all sensory systems, except olfactory, for synapse in thalamus before projecting to cortex
50
hypothalamus
performs homeostatic functions (feeing, drinking, etc)
51
olfactory bulbs
involved in smell. considered part of limbic system
52
limbic system
surrounds brainstem, includes hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus. olfactory bulb and hypothalamus, important in memory, emotional and motivated behaviors
53
basal ganglia
subcortical structures involved w/ motor planning. 3 major structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
54
hippocampus
large structure between thalamus and neocortex, very important role in memory
55
neocortex
invaginated structure on surface of brain. higher order processing of sensory information, sensorimotor integration, language, and motor control. important in typically human behavior
56
corpus callosum
major fiber tract, axons cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other,
57
anterior commisure
similar to corpus callosum but smaller
58
cerebral neocortex
ridges of neocortex are gyri and grooves are sulci
59
significance of invaginated structure
increased surface area
60
how many layers in neocortex composed of
6
61
4 lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
62
Frontal
planning of movements, memory, emotions
63
parietal
body sensations
64
temporal
hearing advanced visual processing
65
occipital
vision
66
computerized axial tomography (CAT)
map brain areas, requires exposure to x-rays
67
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
map areas in detail, using magnetic fields
68
electroencephalograph (EEG)
records from scalp, measures by ms, low resolution on location of signal
69
evoked potentials
similar to EEG, in response to stimuli
70
Magnetoencephalograph (MEG)
similar to EEG, measures magnetic fields
71
Positron emission Tomograph (PET)
measures changes over time and location but requires exposing brain to radiation
72
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
measures changes over about 1 second, identifies location within 1-2 mins, no use of radiation
73
lesion
controlled damage in lab animals
74
ablation
removal of brain area
75
gene-knockout
effects wherever that gene is active
76
transcranial magnetic stimulation
intense application temporarily inactivates a brain area
77
Stimulating electrodes
invasive, used with lab animals, seldom humans
78
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
brief, mild application activates underlying brain area

Brain And Behavior (9 decks)

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