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Brain And Behavior > Chapter 4 - Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Anatomy Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Nerve

A

bundle of axons in PNS

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2
Q

Tract

A

bundle of axons in CNS

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3
Q

Ganglion

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in CNS

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5
Q

White matter

A

brain region largely occupied by tracts, CNS, white because its myelinated

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6
Q

Grey matter

A

brain regions largely occupied by cell bodies, grayish color because aren’t myelinated

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7
Q

fiber

A

axon

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8
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs in human

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9
Q

Types of spinal nerves:

A

cervical, thoratic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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10
Q

Cervical

A

8 pairs, the most rostral, anterior, neck region

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11
Q

thoratic

A

12 pairs, chest cavity

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12
Q

lumbar

A

5 pairs, abdominal-like region

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13
Q

sacral

A

5 pairs, lower body

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14
Q

coccygeal

A

1 pairs, comes off tailbone

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15
Q

dermatome

A

region of skin area innervated by particular spinal nerve

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16
Q

dorsal roots

A

sensory portion of nerve that branches close to the cord and enters it dorsally (on backside)

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17
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

in PNS, next to spinal cod, ganglia for each pair of nerves; swellings close to the dorsal cord that house the cell bodies of the axons in dorsal roots

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18
Q

dorsal horn

A

gray matter in dorsal core of spinal cord that contains the cell bodies on which collaterals or dorsal root axons synapse

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19
Q

ventral roots

A

gray matter in ventral core of spinal cord that contains cell bodies of motor neurons supplying axons in peripheral nerves

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20
Q

How many cranial nerves?

A

12

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21
Q

Cranial nerves

A

similar to spinal nerves except it connects head receptors and effectors directly to brain; each nerve numbered based on point of entry

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22
Q

How many nerves devoted to movement of eye muscles

A

3

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23
Q

How many nerves devoted to taste?

A

3

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24
Q

Some cranial nerves except which carry axons that are part of AutonomicNS

A

the vagus

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25
Q

sympathetic

A

contribute to physiologial response to emergency, potentially life-threatening situations; fight-or-flight

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26
Q

parasympathetic

A

helps to maintain relatively steady-state in basic bodily functions

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27
Q

sympathetic functions

A

increase heart rate, increases respiration, increases blood pressure, increases sweating, dilates pupils, takes energy away from digestion

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28
Q

parasympathetic functions

A

decreases everything, constricts pupils, promotes digestion

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29
Q

polygraph measures what?

A

respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response (activation of sweating)

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30
Q

meninges

A

3-layer sac encasing brain and spinal chord

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31
Q

Dura mater

A

outer most layer

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32
Q

arachnoid

A

middle layer. cerebral spinal fluid fills space underneath

33
Q

pia mater

A

inner most layer

34
Q

Ventricles

A

cavity section

35
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

located in core of each cerebral hemisphere; filled with cerebral spinal fluid

36
Q

3rd ventricle

A

receives fluid from lateral ventricles, located along midline separating large portion of diencephalon.

37
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

tube-like structure in midline of midbrain and hindbrain connecting 3rd and 4th ventricles

38
Q

4th ventricle

A

located along midline of hindbrain. cerebral spinal fluid flows out of here by 2 routes: central canal of spinal cord, and subarachnoid space

39
Q

Central canal

A

tube-like structure in core of spinal cord

40
Q

Cerehrospinal fluid

A

filtrate of the blood made by cells lining ventricles

41
Q

choroid plexus

A

cells lining the ventricle; mostly water and is isotonic with blood plasma

42
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

condition in which CSF is obstructed at cerebral aqueduct during gestational development. Ventricles expand causing pressure on forebrain and results in mental retardation

43
Q

medulla

A

critical; control respiration, heart rate, visceral reflexes (salivation, vomiting, coughing, gagging, swallowing, and chewing). receives sensory input from several cranial nerves

44
Q

reticular formation

A

network of cells, important in general arousal and some brainstem reflexes. involved in control of movement

45
Q

pons

A

area of fibers destined for cerebellum, crossing from one side of the brain to the other

46
Q

cerebellum

A

involved in sensorimotor integration, motor timing, balance, learning

47
Q

tectum

A

involved in auditory and visual procession. includes superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

48
Q

substantia nigra

A

nucleus contains dopaminergic cells that project to the basal ganglia. cells degenerate in Parkinson’s disease

49
Q

thalamus

A

sensory processing. all sensory systems, except olfactory, for synapse in thalamus before projecting to cortex

50
Q

hypothalamus

A

performs homeostatic functions (feeing, drinking, etc)

51
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

involved in smell. considered part of limbic system

52
Q

limbic system

A

surrounds brainstem, includes hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus. olfactory bulb and hypothalamus, important in memory, emotional and motivated behaviors

53
Q

basal ganglia

A

subcortical structures involved w/ motor planning. 3 major structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

54
Q

hippocampus

A

large structure between thalamus and neocortex, very important role in memory

55
Q

neocortex

A

invaginated structure on surface of brain. higher order processing of sensory information, sensorimotor integration, language, and motor control. important in typically human behavior

56
Q

corpus callosum

A

major fiber tract, axons cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other,

57
Q

anterior commisure

A

similar to corpus callosum but smaller

58
Q

cerebral neocortex

A

ridges of neocortex are gyri and grooves are sulci

59
Q

significance of invaginated structure

A

increased surface area

60
Q

how many layers in neocortex composed of

A

6

61
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

62
Q

Frontal

A

planning of movements, memory, emotions

63
Q

parietal

A

body sensations

64
Q

temporal

A

hearing advanced visual processing

65
Q

occipital

A

vision

66
Q

computerized axial tomography (CAT)

A

map brain areas, requires exposure to x-rays

67
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

map areas in detail, using magnetic fields

68
Q

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

records from scalp, measures by ms, low resolution on location of signal

69
Q

evoked potentials

A

similar to EEG, in response to stimuli

70
Q

Magnetoencephalograph (MEG)

A

similar to EEG, measures magnetic fields

71
Q

Positron emission Tomograph (PET)

A

measures changes over time and location but requires exposing brain to radiation

72
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

measures changes over about 1 second, identifies location within 1-2 mins, no use of radiation

73
Q

lesion

A

controlled damage in lab animals

74
Q

ablation

A

removal of brain area

75
Q

gene-knockout

A

effects wherever that gene is active

76
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

intense application temporarily inactivates a brain area

77
Q

Stimulating electrodes

A

invasive, used with lab animals, seldom humans

78
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

brief, mild application activates underlying brain area

Brain And Behavior (9 decks)

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